Common Lab Tests

Description 

This test measures the quantity of D-dimer in the blood. D-dimer is a small protein fragment present in the blood after a blood clot is degraded by fibrinolysis, a process that prevents blood clots from growing and becoming problematic. The test helps rule out clotting (thrombotic) episodes and to help diagnose conditions related to thrombosis. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Less than 0.3 mg/l 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Digoxin is a drug used to treat heart failure and abnormal heart rhythms. Heart failure, including congestive heart failure (CHF), causes the heart to become less effective at circulating blood. As a result, blood backs up into the legs, hands, feet, lungs and liver, causing swelling, shortness of breath, and fatigue. This test measures the amount of digoxin in the blood. Digoxin is prescribed to alleviate some symptoms of heart failure. It strengthens the contractions of the heart and helps it to pump blood more efficiently. Digoxin also helps control the heart rate and abnormal heart rhythms known as arrhythmias. It will not cure heart failure or arrhythmias, which are chronic conditions, but can help to manage the symptoms along with diet, exercise, and other medications. Digoxin levels must be monitored because the drug has a narrow safety range. If the level in the blood is too low, symptoms may recur. If the level is too high, toxicity may occur. Digoxin dosage may be adjusted based on levels measured. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 0.8 µg/ml and 2.0 µg/ml 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Phenytoin is a drug that is used to treat some seizure disorders (see Epilepsy), including complex partial seizures (psychomotor seizures) and seizures that occur during or after neurosurgery. Phenytoin may be used alone or with phenobarbital or other anticonvulsants. This test measures the amount of phenytoin in the blood to determine whether drug concentrations are in the therapeutic range. Seizure disorders affect the brain’s ability to transmit electrical impulses and to regulate nerve activity. During a seizure, someone may experience changes in consciousness, alterations in sight, smell, and taste, and may experience uncontrolled muscular convulsions in one or more parts of the body. Phenytoin works by reducing the electrical conductance among brain cells, blocking excessive electrochemical activity occurring in the brain during a seizure. Anyone can experience a seizure at any age. 

Sample  

Blood (serum); urine 

Reference  

– – – 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a virus that typically causes a mild to moderate illness. These tests detect antibodies to EBV in the blood and help establish a diagnosis of an EBV infection. Epstein-Barr virus causes an infection that is very common. After initial exposure to EBV, there is a period of several weeks before associated symptoms may appear called the incubation period. During the acute primary infection, the virus multiplies in number. This is followed by a decrease in viral numbers and resolution of symptoms, but the virus never completely goes away. Latent EBV remains in the person’s body for the rest of his life and may reactivate but usually causes few problems unless the person’s immune system is significantly weakened. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Negative 

Frequency  

Once a week 

Description 

An extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) panel detects the presence of one or more autoantibodies in the blood that react with proteins in the cell nucleus. These proteins are known as “extractable” because they can be removed from cell nuclei using saline. Autoantibodies are produced when a person’s immune system mistakenly targets and attacks the body’s own tissues. This attack can cause inflammation, tissue damage, and other signs and symptoms that are associated with an autoimmune disorder. Certain autoimmune disorders are characteristically associated with the presence of one or more anti-ENA antibodies. This association can be used to help diagnose an autoimmune disorder and to distinguish between disorders. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Negative 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

Leukocyte (white blood cell) with granules that are stained by the dye, eosin. Eosinophils, normally about 1-3% of the total white blood cell count, are believed to function in allergic responses and in resisting some infections. 

Sample  

Blood  

Reference  

Between 40 and 400 per µl 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

ESR measures how fast the red blood cells descend in a blood tube. Perform this test to detect the presence of inflammation caused by one or more conditions such as infections, tumors or autoimmune diseases. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Female, less than 20 mm/hr; male, less than 12 mm/hr 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Estrogen tests are used to detect a deficiency or excess in a woman and to help diagnose a variety of conditions associated with this imbalance. They may also be used to help determine the timing of a woman’s ovulation and may be ordered to monitor the health status of the developing baby and placenta during pregnancy. In a man, estrogen testing may be performed to detect a hormone excess and its cause. Estrogens are a group of steroids that are responsible for the development and function of reproductive organs and the formation of secondary sex characteristics in women. Along with another hormone, progesterone, they help regulate the menstrual cycle, are involved in the growth of breasts and the uterus, and help maintain a healthy pregnancy. Though considered the main sex hormones for women, they are also found in men and play a role in bone metabolism and growth in both sexes. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Female in Foll. Phase: between 5 pg/ml and 160 pg/ml 

Female in Mid. Cycle: between 34 pg/ml and 400 pg/ml 

Female in Lut. Phase: between 27 pg/ml and 246 pg/ml 

Female in Menopause:, between 5 pg/ml and 30 pg/ml 

Male: between 5 pg/ml and 56 pg/ml 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

Ferritin is an iron-containing protein and is the primary form of iron stored inside of cells. The small quantity of ferritin that is released into the blood is a reflection of the amount of total iron stored in the body. This test measures the amount of ferritin in the blood. In healthy people, about 70% of the iron absorbed by the body is incorporated into the hemoglobin of red blood cells. Most of the remaining 30% is stored as ferritin or as hemosiderin, a complex of iron, proteins, and other materials. Ferritin and hemosiderin are present primarily in the liver but also in the bone marrow, spleen, and skeletal muscles. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Female, between 9 ng/ml and 120 ng/ml; male, between 18 ng/ml and 370 ng/ml 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

Used as part of an investigation of a possible bleeding disorder or blood clot (thrombotic episode), particularly to evaluate the level and function of fibrinogen; sometimes used to help evaluate your risk of developing cardiovascular disease. 

Sample  

Blood (plasma) 

Reference  

Between 230 mg/dl and 500 mg/dl 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

This test is primarily ordered to detect deficiencies and to help diagnose the cause of certain anemias. Vitamin B12 and folate are both part of the B complex of vitamins. Both B12 and folate are necessary for normal RBC formation, tissue and cellular repair, and DNA synthesis. B12 is important for nerve health, while folate is necessary for cell division such as is seen in a developing fetus. A deficiency in either B12 or folate can lead to macrocytic anemia. The tests Vitamin B12 and folate are primarily ordered to detect deficiencies and to help diagnose the cause of certain anemias. They are also performed to help evaluate the general health and nutritional status of a person with signs of significant malnutrition or dietary malabsorption. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 3.0 ng/ml and 17.0 ng/ml 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

If prostate cancer is diagnosed, the total PSA test may be used as a monitoring tool to help determine the effectiveness of treatment. It may also be ordered at regular intervals after treatment to detect recurrence of the cancer. The total PSA test and digital rectal exam (DRE) may be used to screen both asymptomatic and symptomatic men for prostate cancer. If either the PSA or the DRE are found to be abnormal, then the doctor may choose to follow this testing with a prostate biopsy and perhaps imaging tests, such as an ultrasound. If the DRE is normal but the PSA is moderately elevated, the doctor may order a free PSA test to look at the ratio of free to total PSA. This can help to distinguish between prostate cancer and other non-cancer causes of elevated PSA. Since the total PSA test can be elevated temporarily for a variety of reasons, a doctor may order another PSA a few weeks after the first to determine if the PSA is still elevated. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

– – – 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

This test measures the amount of thyroxine, or T4, in the blood. T4 is one of two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland; the other is called triiodothyronine, or T3. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located just below the Adam’s apple. This gland plays a vital role in controlling metabolism, the rate energy is used. The most common causes of thyroid dysfunction are autoimmune-related. The free T4 test is a relatively new test that is not affected by protein levels. Since free T4 is the active form of thyroxine, the free T4 test is thought by many to be a more accurate reflection of thyroid hormone function and, in most cases, its use has replaced that of the total T4 test. Whichever thyroxine measurement is performed (T3 or T4), it is usually performed along with or following a TSH test. 

Sample  

Blood  

Reference  

Between 0.7 ng/dl and 1.8 ng/dl 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone associated with reproduction and the development of eggs in women and sperm in men. This test measures FSH in the blood or urine. In women, FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of eggs (follicles) in the ovaries during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. In men, FSH stimulates the testicles to produce mature sperm and also promotes the production of androgen binding proteins. FSH levels are relatively constant in men after puberty. In infants and children, FSH levels rise shortly after birth and then fall to very low levels by 6 months in boys and 1-2 years in girls. Concentrations begin to rise again before the beginning of puberty and the development of secondary sexual characteristics. Disorders affecting the hypothalamus, pituitary, and/or the ovaries or testicles can cause the production of too much or too little FSH, resulting in a variety of conditions such as infertility, abnormal menstrual cycles, or early (precocious) or delayed sexual maturation (puberty). 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Female in Foll. Phase: between 3 mlU/ml and 11 mlU/ml 

Female in Mid. Cycl.: between 6 mlU/ml and 21 mlU/ml 

Female in Lut. Phase: between 1 mlU/ml and 9 mlU/ml 

Female in Menopause: between 22 mlU/ml and 153 mlU/ml  

Male, between 1 mlU/ml and 11 mlU/ml 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

Fructosamine is a compound that is formed when glucose combines with protein. The fructosamine test is a measurement of this glycated protein. When glucose levels in the blood are elevated over a period of time, glucose molecules permanently combine with proteins in the blood in a process called glycation. Affected proteins include albumin, the principal protein in the blood, other serum proteins, and hemoglobin, the major protein found inside red blood cells (RBCs). The more glucose that is present in the blood, the greater the amount of glycated proteins that are formed. These combined molecules persist for the life of the protein or RBC and provide a record of the average amount of glucose that has been present in the blood over that time period. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 1.60 mmol/l and 2.75 mmol/l 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is an enzyme involved in energy production. It is found in all cells including red blood cells (RBCs) and helps protect them from certain by-products of cellular metabolism. A deficiency in G6PD causes RBCs to become more vulnerable to breaking apart (hemolysis) when exposed to certain substances. This test measures the amount of G6PD enzyme in RBCs to help diagnose an inherited G6PD deficiency. 

Sample  

Blood  

Reference  

Normal 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme that is found in many organs, such as the kidney, liver, gallbladder, spleen, and pancreas. Among these, the liver is the main source of GGT in the blood. This test measures the level of GGT in a blood sample. Normally, GGT is present in low levels, but when the liver is injured, the GGT level can rise. The GGT test is performed to evaluate for a possible liver disease or bile duct disease or to differentiate between liver and bone disease as a cause of elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and sometimes to screen for or monitor alcohol abuse. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Female, less than 38 U/l; male, less than 55 U/l 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

This test measures the amount of glucose in the blood or urine. Glucose is the primary energy source for the body’s cells and the only energy source for the brain and nervous system. A steady supply must be available for use, and a relatively constant level of glucose must be maintained in the blood. Blood glucose is often measured as part of a group of tests and is done to screen for diabetes and for pre-diabetes (moderately increased blood glucose levels that indicate an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes). 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

– – – 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

This test measures the amount of glucose in the blood or urine. Glucose is the primary energy source for the body’s cells and the only energy source for the brain and nervous system. A steady supply must be available for use, and a relatively constant level of glucose must be maintained in the blood. Blood glucose is often measured as part of a group of tests and is done to screen for diabetes and for pre-diabetes (moderately increased blood glucose levels that indicate an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes). This test is performed two (2) hours after breakfast. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 140 mg/dl and 200 mg/dl 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

This test measures the amount of glucose in the blood or urine. Glucose is the primary energy source for the body’s cells and the only energy source for the brain and nervous system. A steady supply must be available for use, and a relatively constant level of glucose must be maintained in the blood. Blood glucose is often measured as part of a group of tests and is done to screen for diabetes and for pre-diabetes (moderately increased blood glucose levels that indicate an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes). This test is performed two (2) hours after lunch. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 140 mg/dl and 200 mg/dl 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

This test measures the amount of glucose in the blood or urine. Glucose is the primary energy source for the body’s cells and the only energy source for the brain and nervous system. A steady supply must be available for use, and a relatively constant level of glucose must be maintained in the blood. Blood glucose is often measured as part of a group of tests and is done to screen for diabetes and for pre-diabetes (moderately increased blood glucose levels that indicate an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes). The client must be sober to perform this test. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 65 mg/dl and 110 mg/dl 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

This test is performed to monitor a person’s diabetes and to aid in treatment decisions. The A1c test evaluates the average amount of glucose in the blood over the last 2 to 3 months. It does this by measuring the concentration of glycated (also often called glycosylated) hemoglobin A1c. Hemoglobin is an oxygen-transporting protein found inside red blood cells (RBCs). There are several types of normal hemoglobin, but the predominant form – about 95-98% – is hemoglobin A. As glucose circulates in the blood, some of it spontaneously binds to hemoglobin A. The hemoglobin molecules with attached glucose are called glycated hemoglobin. The higher the concentration of glucose in the blood, the more glycated hemoglobin is formed. Once the glucose binds to the hemoglobin, it remains there for the life of the red blood cell – normally about 120 days. The predominant form of glycated hemoglobin is referred to as HbA1c or A1c. 

Sample  

Blood  

Reference  

Between 4.0 % and 6.2 % 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Hepatitis B tests detect substances that reflect a current or previous infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Hepatitis is a condition characterized by inflammation and enlargement of the liver. It has several various causes, one of which is infection by a virus. HBV is one of five “hepatitis viruses” identified so far that are known to mainly infect the liver. The other four are hepatitis A, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, and hepatitis E. Some tests detect viral proteins (antigens) or the antibodies that are produced in response to an infection, while other types of tests detect or evaluate the genetic material (DNA) of the virus. The pattern of test results can identify a person who has a current active infection or one who has immunity as a result of previous exposure. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

– – – 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

High-density lipoprotein (HDL cholesterol, HDL-C) is one of the classes of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol in the blood. HDL-C consists primarily of protein with a small amount of cholesterol. It is considered to be beneficial because it removes excess cholesterol from tissues and carries it to the liver for disposal. Hence, HDL cholesterol is often termed “good” cholesterol. The test for HDL cholesterol measures the amount of HDL-C in blood. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 35 mg/dl and 70 mg/dl 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

These tests are looking for evidence of an infection in the gastrointestinal tract by a bacterium named Helicobacter pylori. This bacterium is known to be a major cause of peptic ulcer disease and is very common, especially in developing countries. It decreases the stomach’s ability to produce mucus, making it prone to acid damage and peptic ulcers. H. pylori is also associated with the development of gastric (stomach) cancer. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

– – – 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

This test is performed to determine the presence of Helicobacter pylori in feces. Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that usually appears in the stomach. This bacterium is resistant to gastric acid. This test provides evidence of the existence of the antigen of the bacterium. This test can also be performed at least four weeks after a complete treatment to check the existence of the antigen. 

Sample  

Feces 

Reference  

– – – 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

This test is used to evaluate the hemoglobin content of your blood. Hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport protein in the red blood cells. It carries oxygen from the respiratory organs (lungs or gills) to the rest of the body where it releases the oxygen to burn nutrients to provide energy to power the functions of the organism in the process called metabolism. 

Sample  

Blood 

Reference  

Female, between 11.0 g/dl and 15.0 g/dl; male, between 12.0 g/dl and 17.0 g/dl 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

This test helps determine if you are infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV is the cause of the syndrome AIDS. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Negative 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Immunoglobulins play a key role in the body’s immune system. They are proteins produced by specific immune cells called plasma cells in response to bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms as well as exposures to other substances that are recognized by the body as “non-self” harmful antigens. This test measures the amount of immunoglobulins G in the blood. About 70-80% of the immunoglobulins in the blood are IgG. Specific IgG antibodies are produced during an initial infection or other antigen exposure, rising a few weeks after it begins, then decreasing and stabilizing. The body retains a catalog of IgG antibodies that can be rapidly reproduced whenever exposed to the same antigen. IgG antibodies form the basis of long-term protection against microorganisms. In those with a normal immune system, sufficient IgG is produced to prevent re-infection. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 700 mg/dl and 1600 mg/dl 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is an antibody that is produced by the body’s immune system in response to a perceived threat. It is one of five classes of immunoglobulins (A, G, M, D, and E) and is normally present in the blood in very small amounts. This test measures the amount of IgE in the blood and may be used to screen for and detect allergic diseases. Immunoglobulin E is associated with allergic responses including asthma and to a lesser degree with immunity to parasites. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Less than 100 IU/ml 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

Immunoglobulins play a key role in the body’s immune system. They are proteins produced by specific immune cells called plasma cells in response to bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms as well as exposures to other substances that are recognized by the body as “non-self” harmful antigens. This test measures the amount of immunoglobulins A in the blood. IgA provides protection against infection in mucosal areas of the body such as the respiratory tract (sinus and lungs) and the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines). 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 70 mg/dl and 200 mg/dl 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

Immunoglobulins play a key role in the body’s immune system. They are proteins produced by specific immune cells called plasma cells in response to bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms as well as exposures to other substances that are recognized by the body as “non-self” harmful antigens. This test measures the amount of immunoglobulins M in the blood. IgM antibodies are produced as a body’s first response to a new infection or to a new “non-self” antigen, providing short-term protection. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 40 mg/dl and 230 mg/dl 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a class of antibody (immune protein) associated with allergic reactions. It is normally found in very small amounts in the blood. This test measures the amount of allergen-specific IgE in the blood in order to detect an allergy to a particular substance. IgE is an antibody that functions as part of the body’s immune system, its defense against “intruders.” When someone with a predisposition to allergies is exposed to a potential allergen such as food, grass, or animal dander for the first time, that person becomes sensitized. The person’s body perceives the potential allergen as a foreign substance and produces a specific IgE antibody that binds to specialized mast cells in the skin, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal tract, and to basophils (a type of white blood cell) in the bloodstream. With the next exposure, these attached IgE antibodies recognize the allergen and cause the mast and basophil cells to release histamine and other chemicals, resulting in an allergic reaction that begins at the exposure site. There are specific test to verify the presence of antibodies for inhaled and food allergies. 

Sample  

– – –  

Reference  

– – – 

Frequency  

– – – 

Description 

A kidney stone analysis is performed to determine the chemical composition of a stone when it is filtered out of the urine or removed from the urinary tract. A laboratory will typically document the physical characteristics of a stone – its size, shape, weight, color and texture. This is done in order to help identify the cause of the stone and, where possible, to prevent the formation of more stones. The stone may also be fractured so that its layers can be observed. One or more tests will then be performed to determine the stone’s composition. 

Sample  

– – – 

Reference  

– – –  

Frequency  

– – – 

Description 

Lactate dehydrogenase (LD or LDH) is an enzyme involved in energy production that is found in almost all of the body’s cells, with the highest levels found in the cells of the heart, liver, muscles, kidneys, lungs, and in blood cells; bacteria also produce LD. This test measures the level of LD in the blood or sometimes other body fluids. This test is performed to help detect a condition causing tissue damage, such as a blood or liver disease, and to monitor its progress; to help stage, determine prognosis, and/or response to treatment of certain cancers; to help evaluate body fluid (other than blood). 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Female, less than 247 U/l; male, less than 248 U/l 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL cholesterol, LDL-C) is one type of lipoprotein that carries cholesterol in the blood. LDL-C consists mostly of cholesterol and similar substances with a small amount of protein. LDL cholesterol is considered to be undesirable and is often call “bad” cholesterol because it deposits excess cholesterol in blood vessel walls and contributes to hardening of the arteries and heart disease. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 65 mg/dl and 200 mg/dl 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

This test measures the amount of luteinizing hormone in the blood or urine. Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a hormone associated with reproduction and the stimulation of the release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) in women and testosterone production in men. LH is produced by the pituitary gland, a grape-sized organ found at the base of the brain. Control of LH production is a complex system involving the hypothalamus in the brain, the pituitary gland, and the hormones produced by the ovaries and testicles. This test is performed to evaluate fertility issues, function of reproductive organs (ovaries or testicles), or to detect the release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation); to evaluate pituitary function. In children, to evaluate early or delayed sexual maturation (puberty). 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Female in Foll. Phase: between 1 mlU/ml and 12 mlU/ml 

Female in Mid. Cycl.: between 17 mlU/ml and 77 mlU/ml 

Female in Lut. Phase: between 1 mlU/ml and 15 mlU/ml 

Female in Menopause: between 11 mlU/ml and 40 mlU/ml 

Male, between 1 mlU/ml and 8 mlU/ml 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

This test is performed primarily to diagnose and monitor acute pancreatitis; also sometimes to diagnose and monitor chronic pancreatitis or other pancreatic diseases. Lipase is one of several enzymes produced by the pancreas to help digest dietary fats. This test measures the amount of lipase in the blood. Lipase is transported through the pancreatic duct and into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum), where it helps break down dietary triglycerides (a form of fat) into fatty acids. The pancreas is the primary source of lipase. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 10 U/l and 60 U/l 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Lithium is one of the most well established and widely-used drugs prescribed in the treatment of bipolar disorder. This test measures the amount of lithium in the blood so health care providers can determine whether drug concentrations are in the therapeutic range. Bipolar disorder is a mental condition characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania. These periods may be as short as a few days or weeks or as long as months or years. During a depressive episode, those affected may feel sad, hopeless, worthless, and lose interest in daily activities. They may be fatigued but have trouble sleeping, experience weight loss or gain, have difficulty concentrating, and have thoughts of suicide. During a manic episode, those affected may be euphoric, irritable, have high energy and grandiose ideas, use poor judgment, and participate in risky behaviors. Sometimes affected people will have mixed episodes with aspects of both mania and depression. Bipolar disorder can affect both adults and children. Lithium is prescribed to even out the moods of a person with bipolar disorder. It is often called a “mood stabilizer”. 

Sample  

– – – 

Reference  

– – – 

Frequency  

– – – 

Description 

This test is used to screen for or diagnose an infection with the bacterium Treponema pallidum, which causes the sexually transmitted disease syphilis. The most common route of transmission is through contact with an infected person’s sore during sexual activity. The bacteria enter your body through minor cuts or abrasions in your skin or mucous membranes. Syphilis is contagious during its primary and secondary stages, and sometimes in the early latent period. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Negative 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

This test measures the level of phenobarbital in the blood to determine whether the drug level is within a therapeutic range.. Phenobarbital is a barbiturate, an antiepileptic drug (AED) and sedating drug that depresses the nervous system. Doctors usually prescribe it to prevent seizures or to relieve anxiety. It is often prescribed to treat epilepsy and other seizure disorders because the drug stabilizes electrical activity in the brain. It is important to maintain a stable level of phenobarbital in the blood within the therapeutic range. If the level is too low, the person who is being treated may experience seizures or anxiety. If the level is too high, the individual could experience side effects or even toxicity. 

Sample  

– – – 

Reference  

– – – 

Frequency  

– – – 

Description 

Magnesium is a mineral that is vital for energy production, muscle contraction, nerve function, and the maintenance of strong bones. It comes into the body through the diet and is absorbed by the small intestine and colon. Magnesium is stored in the bones, cells, and tissues. Normally, only about 1% of total body magnesium is present in the blood and this makes it difficult to get an accurate measurement of total magnesium content from blood tests alone. However, this test is still useful for evaluating a person’s magnesium status. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 0.60 mmol/l and 1.05 mmol/l 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. The parasites are spread by the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitos. When a human is bitten by an infected mosquito, the parasites enter the blood stream and travel to the liver. After a person is infected, there is usually an incubation period of 7-30 days, after which the parasites enter the person’s red blood cells (RBCs). They then multiply inside these cells, which rupture within 48 to 72 hours, causing many of the symptoms of malaria to develop. 

Sample  

Blood  

Reference  

Negative 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Cannabis and its active ingredient THC are tested for in most drug tests. After one-off or occasional use its break-down products or metabolites can be detected between 3-5 days after use. (1) However, THC can be detected in a chronic user up to 12 weeks after use (2) although the average is 25(3) -27 days (4). Cannabis is highly detectable a long time after use because THC lingers in the fatty tissues of the body and leaks steadily into the blood and then the urine over weeks. It is difficult to determine exactly how long it will take the THC to leave your body. It depends on your metabolism, how much you ingested and how often you used weed or hash. 

Sample  

Urine  

Reference  

Negative 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

This test measures the amounts of metanephrine and normetanephrine that are excreted in the urine over a 24-hour period. Metanephrine and normetanephrine are the inactive metabolites of the catecholamines epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.It is primarily used to help detect and rule out pheochromocytomas in symptomatic people. Catecholamines are a group of similar hormones produced in the medulla (central portion) of the adrenal glands. The adrenal gland is a small, triangular organ located on top of each kidney. Since catecholamines secretion tends to fluctuate over time, a 24-hour urine test for metanephrines or catecholamines may detect excess production that is missed with the blood test. 

Sample  

Urine  

Reference  

Between 20 mg/24hrs and 350 mg/24hrs 

Frequency  

Once a week 

Description 

The urine albumin test or albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) is used to screen people with chronic conditions, such as diabetes and hypertension, that put them at an increased risk of developing kidney disease. Albumin is a protein made by the liver. The urine albumin test detects and measures the amount of albumin in the urine. A small amount of albumin in the urine is an early indicator of kidney damage. In the past, these small amounts of albumin were referred to as “microalbumin” and some health practitioners may continue to use the term, although it is being phased out. A urine albumin test is used to screen people with chronic conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure who are at high risk for kidney damage. It can detect small amounts of albumin that escape from the kidneys into the urine several years before significant kidney damage becomes apparent. 

Sample  

Urine 

Reference  

Less than 20 mg/l 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Infectious mononucleosis, commonly called mono, refers to an infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Epstein-Barr virus is very common. The virus is present in the saliva of an infected person and can be spread from person to person through close contact such as kissing and through sharing utensils or cups. The mono test is used to help determine whether a person with symptoms has infectious mononucleosis (mono). It is frequently ordered along with a complete blood count (CBC). The CBC is used to determine whether the number of white blood cells (WBCs) is elevated and whether a significant number of reactive lymphocytes are present. Mono is characterized by the presence of atypical white blood cells. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Less than 1,0x10exp9/l 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Nicotine is an addictive chemical found in the tobacco plant and concentrated in its leaves. It is inhaled with each puff on a cigarette and ingested with chewing tobacco and subsequently absorbed into the blood. This testing detects and/or measures nicotine and its primary breakdown product (metabolite) cotinine in the blood, urine, saliva, or hair to evaluate tobacco use. Nicotine is metabolized by the liver into more than 20 compounds, which are eliminated from the body in the urine. Both tobacco use and exposure to tobacco smoke can increase nicotine and cotinine concentrations in the body. Levels also rise with use of nicotine replacement products such as nicotine patches and gums. In large amounts, nicotine can be poisonous. Cotinine is usually the test of choice to evaluate tobacco use or exposure to tobacco smoke because it is stable and is only produced when nicotine is metabolized. 

Sample  

Urine 

Reference  

Negative/Positive 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

These tests measure the concentration of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in the blood in order to detect and evaluate heart failure. BNP was initially called brain natriuretic peptide because it was first found in brain tissue (and to distinguish it from a similar protein made in the atria, or upper chambers, of the heart, termed ANP). BNP is actually produced primarily by the left ventricle of the heart (the heart’s main pumping chamber). It is associated with blood volume and pressure and with the work that the heart must do in pumping blood throughout the body. Small amounts of a precursor protein, pro-BNP, are continuously produced by the heart. Pro-BNP is then cleaved to release the active hormone BNP and an inactive fragment, NT-proBNP, into the blood. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Less than 125 pg/ml  

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

The main use for the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) or the fecal immunochemical test (FIT) is as a screen for early colon cancer. Blood in the stool may be the only symptom of early cancer; thus, If detected early, treatment can begin immediately, improving the chance of a cure. The FOBT is not diagnostic for cancer but, if positive, requires other follow-up procedures to find the source of the bleeding that may indicate other gastrointestinal problems. The fecal occult blood test (FOBT) or fecal immunochemical test (FIT) checks for hidden blood in the stool. Normally, only very small amounts of blood may be lost from the stomach or intestines during digestion. This blood cannot be seen in the feces and does not produce a positive result on a fecal occult blood test. However, polyps, finger-like growths that protrude into the intestinal cavity (lumen) or in the rectum, can be fragile and bleed intermittently, such as when food waste brushes against them. The blood released is not usually visible in the stool but can be detected with a fecal occult blood test. A secondary use of FOBT is to determine the cause of anemia, such as blood loss from a bleeding ulcer. 

Sample  

Feces 

Reference  

– – –  

Frequency  

Daily 

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Description 

This test is performed to evaluate the level of phosphorus in your blood and to aid in the diagnosis of conditions known to cause abnormally high or low levels of phosphorus. Phosphorus is a mineral that combines with other substances to form organic and inorganic phosphate compounds. The terms phosphorus and phosphate are often used interchangeably when talking about testing, but it is the amount of inorganic phosphate in the blood that is measured with a serum phosphorus/phosphate test. Phosphates are vital for energy production, muscle and nerve function, and bone growth. They also play an important role as a buffer, helping to maintain the body’s acid-base balance. 

Sample  

Blood (serum), urine 

Reference  

Between 0.60 mmol/l and 1.60 mmol/l 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

This test measures the amount of potassium in the blood. Potassium is an electrolyte that is vital to cell metabolism and muscle function. Potassium, along with other electrolytes, helps regulate the amount of fluid in the body, stimulates muscle contraction, and maintains a stable acid-base balance. Potassium is present in all body fluids, but most potassium is found within your cells. Only about 2% is present in fluids outside the cells and in the liquid part of the blood (called serum or plasma). Because the blood concentration of potassium is so small, minor changes can have significant consequences. If potassium levels are too low or too high, there can be serious health consequences; a person may be at risk for developing shock, respiratory failure, or heart rhythm disturbances. An abnormal potassium level can alter the function of neuromuscular tissue; for example, the heart muscle may lose its ability to contract. 

Sample  

Blood (serum), urine 

Reference  

Between 25 mmol/24hrs and 100 mmol/24hrs 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced in the placenta of a pregnant woman. A pregnancy test is a specific blood or urine test that can detect hCG and confirm pregnancy. This hormone can be detected 10 days after a missed menstrual period, the time period when the fertilized egg is implanted in the woman’s uterus. With some methods, hCG can be detected even earlier, at one week after conception. Qualitative hCG testing detects the presence of hCG and is routinely used to confirm pregnancy. A qualitative urine or blood hCG test is ordered as early as 10 days after a missed menstrual period when a woman wishes to confirm whether or not she is pregnant (some methods can detect hCG even earlier, at one week after conception). 

Sample  

Urine 

Reference  

Positive/ Negative  

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

This test is performed to help determine the cause of infertility, track ovulation, help diagnose an ectopic or failing pregnancy, monitor the health of a pregnancy, monitor progesterone replacement therapy, or help diagnose the cause of abnormal uterine bleeding. It measures the level of progesterone in the blood. Progesterone is a steroid hormone whose main role is to help prepare a woman’s body for pregnancy. It works in conjunction with several other female hormones. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone levels drop, and menstrual bleeding begins. If a fertilized egg is implanted in the uterus, the corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone, with the egg forming a trophoblast that produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). After several weeks, the placenta replaces the corpus luteum as the main source of progesterone, producing relatively large amounts of the hormone throughout the rest of a normal pregnancy. Progesterone is also produced in males but at a much lower level. Its function involves the development of sperm. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Female in Foll. Phase: between 20 ng/dl and 150 ng/dl 

Female in Lut. Phase: between 170 ng/dl and 2700 ng/dl 

Male: between 20 ng/dl and 140 ng/dl 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

Prolactin is a hormone produced by the anterior portion of the pituitary gland, a grape-sized organ found at the base of the brain. Its primary role is to help initiate and maintain breast milk production in pregnant and nursing women. Normally present in low amounts in men and non-pregnant women, prolactin’s primary role is to promote lactation (breast milk production). This test measures the amount of prolactin in the blood. A common cause of an abnormally elevated prolactin level is a prolactinoma, a tumor of the pituitary gland that causes excess production of prolactin. Prolactinoma is the most common type of pituitary tumor and is usually benign. They develop more frequently in women but are also found in men. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Female: between 4 ng/ml and 37 ng/ml 

Male: between 2 ng/ml and 17 ng/ml 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

– – – 

Sample  

Urine 

Reference  

– – – 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

– – – 

Sample  

– – – 

Reference  

– – –  

Frequency  

– – – 

Description 

This test is used to check how well blood-thinning medication (anticoagulant) is working to prevent blood clots. It also helps to detect and diagnose a bleeding disorder. 

Sample  

Blood (plasma) 

Reference  

Between 10.0 and 13.0 seconds  

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

If prostate cancer is diagnosed, the total PSA test may be used as a monitoring tool to help determine the effectiveness of treatment. It may also be ordered at regular intervals after treatment to detect recurrence of the cancer. The total PSA test and digital rectal exam (DRE) may be used to screen both asymptomatic and symptomatic men for prostate cancer. If either the PSA or the DRE are found to be abnormal, then the doctor may choose to follow this testing with a prostate biopsy and perhaps imaging tests, such as an ultrasound. If the DRE is normal but the PSA is moderately elevated, the doctor may order a free PSA test to look at the ratio of free to total PSA. This can help to distinguish between prostate cancer and other non-cancer causes of elevated PSA. Since the total PSA test can be elevated temporarily for a variety of reasons, a doctor may order another PSA a few weeks after the first to determine if the PSA is still elevated. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Younger than 50 years old: less than 2.5 ng/ml 

Between 50 and 60 years old: less than 3.5 ng/ml 

Between 60 and 70 years old: less than 4.5 ng/ml 

Older than 70 years old: less than 6.5 ng/ml 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

The so-called intact PTH is the most frequently ordered parathyroid hormone test. It is used to help diagnose the cause of a low or high calcium level and to help distinguish between parathyroid-related and non-parathyroid-related causes. It may also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment when an individual has a parathyroid-related condition. PTH is routinely monitored for people with chronic kidney disease or who are on dialysis. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) helps the body maintain stable levels of calcium in the blood. It is part of a feedback loop that includes calcium, PTH, vitamin D, and, to some extent, phosphorus (phosphate) and magnesium. Conditions and diseases that disrupt this feedback loop can cause inappropriate elevations or decreases in calcium and PTH levels and lead to symptoms of hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia. This test measures the amount of PTH in the blood. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 8 pg/ml and 74 pg/ml 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) refers to a type of rapid diagnostic test that looks for non-specific antibodies in the blood of the patient that may indicate that the organism (Treponema pallidum) that causes syphilis is present. The term “reagin” means that this test does not look for antibodies against the actual bacterium, but rather for antibodies against substances released by cells when they are damaged by Treponema pallidum. In addition to screening for syphilis, an RPR level (also called a “titer”) can be used to track the progress of the disease over time and its response to therapy. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Negative 

Frequency  

Once a week 

Description 

This test helps evaluate the bone marrow’s ability to produce red blood cells (RBCs). It also helps distinguishing between various causes of anemia and helps monitor bone marrow response and the return of normal marrow function following chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant, or other post-treatment follow-up. 

Sample  

Blood  

Reference  

Less than 3.0% 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

This test helps diagnose rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Rheumatoid arthritis is a form of inflammatory arthritis and an autoimmune disease. In rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system – which is designed to protect our health by attacking foreign cells such as viruses and bacteria – attacks the body’s own tissues, specifically the synovium, a thin membrane that lines the joints. As a result of the attack, fluid builds up in the joints, causing pain in the joints and inflammation that’s systemic – meaning it can occur throughout the body. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease, which means that it can’t be cured. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Less than 20 lU/ml 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

Rubella is a virus that causes an infection that is usually mild and characterized by fever and rash that last about 2 to 3 days. The rubella virus generally causes a mild infection marked by a fine red rash that appears on the face and neck and then travels to the trunk and limbs before disappearing a few days later. The virus is passed through nasal and throat secretions. The Infection is highly contagious but is preventable with a vaccine. This test detects and measures rubella antibodies in the blood that are produced by the body’s immune system in response to an infection by the rubella virus. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

– – – 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

Please refer to Rubella (scr). 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

– – – 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

A semen analysis is used to determine whether a man might be infertile—unable to get a woman pregnant. The semen analysis consists of a series of tests that evaluate the quality and quantity of the sperm and the environment they reside in, the semen. The semen analysis also can be used to count sperm after a man has had a vasectomy, a procedure that prevents sperm from being released within the ejaculate and that is considered a permanent method of birth control (99.9%) when performed by an experienced surgeon. A semen analysis measures the quantity and quality of the fluid released during ejaculation. It evaluates both the liquid portion, called semen or seminal fluid, and the microscopic, moving cells called sperm. 

Sample  

Semen (sperm) 

Reference  

– – – 

Frequency  

Once a week

Description 

Iron is an essential trace element and nutrient that is necessary to maintain life. The serum iron test measures the amount of iron in the liquid portion of blood. Iron is absorbed from food and transported throughout the body by transferrin, a protein produced by the liver. Iron is necessary for the production of healthy red blood cells (RBCs). It is an important part of hemoglobin, the protein in RBCs that enables them to carry oxygen throughout the body. Iron is also used in the production of some proteins, including myoglobin and some enzymes. 

Sample  

– – – 

Reference  

Between 35 µg/dl and 140 µg/dl 

Frequency  

– – – 

Description 

This test measures the level of sodium in the blood. Sodium is an electrolyte that is vital to normal body processes, including nerve and muscle function. Sodium, along with other electrolytes, helps cells function normally and helps regulate the amount of fluid in the body. Sodium is present in all body fluids but is found in the highest concentration in the blood and in the fluid outside of the body’s cells. This extracellular sodium, as well as all body water, is regulated by the kidney. 

Sample  

Blood (serum), urine 

Reference  

For urine, between 40 mmol/24hrs and 200 mmol/24hrs  

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

– – – 

Sample  

Feces 

Reference  

– – – 

Frequency  

– – – 

Description 

Carbamazepine is a drug that is primarily used to treat certain seizure disorders (also called epilepsy) but is also prescribed to stabilize the moods of people with bipolar disease, to ease alcohol withdrawal, and to help alleviate some types of nerve pain. It may be prescribed by itself or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs. This test measures the level of carbamazepine in the blood. Carbamazepine levels are monitored because the drug must be maintained within a narrow therapeutic range. If the level is too low, the person may experience a recurrence of symptoms (i.e., seizures, mania, or pain); if the level is too high, the person may experience toxic side effects. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 4 µg/ml and 8 µg/ml 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

This test is performed to detect an abnormal testosterone level in males and females; in males, to help diagnose the cause of erectile dysfunction, the inability of your partner to get pregnant (infertility), or premature or delayed puberty; in females, to help diagnose the cause of masculine physical features (virilization), infertility, or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Testosterone is a steroid hormone (androgen) produced by special endocrine tissue (the Leydig cells) in the male testicles. It is also produced by the adrenal glands in both males and females and, in small amounts, by the ovaries in females. This test measures the level of testosterone in the blood. In males, testosterone stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics, including enlargement of the penis, growth of body hair, muscle development, and a deepening voice. It is present in large amounts in males during puberty and in adult males to regulate the sex drive and maintain muscle mass. In women, testosterone is converted to estradiol, the main sex hormone in females. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Female: between 14 ng/dl and 86 ng/dl 

Male: between 350 ng/dl and 1008 ng/dl 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Theophylline and caffeine are methylxanthines – drugs that ease breathing and stimulate respiration. These tests measure the amount of theophylline or caffeine in the blood to help establish an appropriate dose and to maintain a therapeutic level. Theophylline is one of several medications that may be taken by children and adults who have asthma and by adults who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is a bronchodilator with a narrow therapeutic window – too little theophylline is ineffective, too much can cause toxicity. Chronic theophylline toxicity is associated with an increased risk of seizures. Both acute and chronic toxicity can be life-threatening. Theophylline may also be prescribed to treat apnea in premature neonates, but caffeine citrate is the preferred medication. Apnea compromises the amount of oxygen available to the body. 

Sample  

– – – 

Reference  

– – – 

Frequency  

– – – 

Description 

Transferrin is the main protein in the blood that binds to iron and transports it throughout the body. The amount of transferrin that is available to bind to and transport iron is reflected in measurements of the total iron binding capacity (TIBC), unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), or transferrin saturation. This test is performed to assess your body’s ability to transport iron in the blood. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 200 µg/dl and 400 µg/dl & between 20 % and 45 % 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

The total protein test measures the total amount of two classes of proteins found in the fluid portion of your blood. These are albumin and globulin. Albumin helps prevent fluid from leaking out of blood vessels. Globulins are an important part of your immune system. Proteins are important parts of all cells and tissues. This test is performed as part of a general health checkup, to determine the nutritional status or to screen for and help diagnose certain liver and kidney disorders as well as other diseases. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 6.4 g/dl and 8.3 g/dl 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. T. gondii is a microscopic parasite that infects cats and can be found in the soil. Testing detects antibodies in the blood that are produced in response to an infection or detects the genetic material (DNA) of the parasite in the blood. Testing is performed in order to detect and diagnose a current or past infection. In most healthy people, toxoplasmosis either causes no symptoms or results in a mild flu-like illness. A person’s immune system keeps the infection dormant and protects the body against further infection, unless the immune system becomes weakened, in which case the infection can re-activate. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

For IgG, less than 3.0 IU/ml; for IgM, less than 1.0 IU/ml 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

This test is performed to assess your body’s ability to transport iron in the blood. Transferrin is the main protein in the blood that binds to iron and transports it throughout the body. The amount of transferrin that is available to bind to and transport iron is reflected in measurements of the total iron binding capacity (TIBC), unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), or transferrin saturation. This test is performed to assess your body’s ability to transport iron in the blood. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Female, between 9 ng/ml and 120 ng/ml; male, between 18 ng/ml and 370 ng/ml 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

Treponemal tests look for antibodies that are a direct result of the infection thus, anti-treponeme IgG, IgM and to a lesser degree IgA. The use of recombinant treponemal antigens in “Treponema pallidum Screen ELISA” results in increased diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for routine diagnostic applications. The Treponema pallidum Screen assay is used for diagnosis of T. pallidum infections in health care institutions and for screening in blood banks. Consequently, all immunoglobulin classes will be detected, making the assay a real “total antibody” detecting system. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Negative 

Frequency  

Once a week 

Description 

Triglycerides are a form of fat and a major source of energy for the body. This test measures the amount of triglycerides in the blood. Most triglycerides are found in fat (adipose) tissue, but some triglycerides circulate in the blood to provide fuel for muscles to work. After a person eats, an increased level of triglycerides is found in the blood as the body converts the energy not needed right away into fat. Triglycerides move via the blood from the gut to adipose tissue for storage. High levels of triglycerides in the blood are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 35 mg/dl and 180 mg/dl 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

The troponins are a family of proteins found in skeletal and heart muscle (cardiac) fibers. There are three different types: troponin C (TnC), troponin T (TnT), and troponin I (TnI). Together, these three proteins regulate muscular contraction. Cardiac-specific troponins I and T (cTnI and cTnT) are troponins that are found only in the heart. They are normally present in very small to undetectable quantities in the blood. When there is damage to heart muscle cells, cardiac-specific troponins I and T are released into circulation. The more damage there is, the greater their concentration in the blood. The troponin test measures the amount of cardiac-specific troponin I or T in the blood and is used to help determine if an individual has suffered a heart attack. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Less than 0.030 µg/l 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

The TSH test is often the test of choice for evaluating thyroid function and/or symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. It is frequently ordered along with or preceding a T4 test. The TSH test is often the test of choice for evaluating thyroid function and/or symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. It is frequently ordered along with or preceding a T4 test. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 0.3 µlU/ml and 4.5 µlU/ml 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

This is a urine test to see whether you have a high level of the chemical oxalate in your urine. Oxalate is a natural end product of metabolism in the body and should be expelled through your urine. If your oxalate levels are too high, the excess oxalate can combine with calcium to form kidney stones. These stones are hard masses of chemicals that can get stuck in the urinary tract and commonly cause severe pain. Calcium-oxalate kidney stones are the most common type. Increased levels of oxalate may be a result of eating foods high in oxalate, or absorbing or making too much oxalate. 

Sample  

Urine 

Reference  

Less than 40 mg/24hrs  

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

A urinalysis is a group of chemical and microscopic tests used as a screening and/or diagnostic tool. They detect the byproducts of normal and abnormal metabolism, cells, cellular fragments, and bacteria in urine. Urine is produced by the kidneys, two fist-sized organs located on either side of the spine at the bottom of the ribcage. The kidneys filter wastes out of the blood, help regulate the amount of water in the body, and conserve proteins, electrolytes, and other compounds that the body can reuse. Anything that is not needed is excreted in the urine, traveling from the kidneys through ureters to the bladder and then through the urethra and out of the body. Urine is generally yellow and relatively clear, but each time someone urinates, the color, quantity, concentration, and content of the urine will be slightly different because of varying constituents. Many disorders can be diagnosed in their early stages by detecting abnormalities in the urine. Abnormalities include increased concentrations of constituents that are not usually found in significant quantities in the urine, such as: glucose, protein, bilirubin, red blood cells, white blood cells, crystals, and bacteria. 

Sample  

Urine 

Reference  

N/A 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Uric acid is produced by the breakdown of purines. Purines are nitrogen-containing compounds found in the cells of the body, including our DNA. As cells get old and die, they break down, releasing purines into the blood. To a lesser extent, purines may come from the digestion of certain foods, such as liver, anchovies, mackerel, dried beans and peas and certain alcoholic drinks, primarily beer. Most uric acid is removed from the body by the kidneys and is excreted in the urine, with the remainder eliminated in the stool. This test measures the level of uric acid in the blood or urine. If too much uric acid is produced or not enough is excreted, it can accumulate in the body, causing increased levels in the blood (hyperuricemia). The presence of excess uric acid can cause gout, a condition characterized by inflammation of the joints due to the formation of uric acid crystals in the joint (synovial) fluid. Excess uric acid can also be deposited in tissues such as the kidney, leading to kidney stones or kidney failure. The accumulation of too much uric acid is due to either increased production, decreased elimination, or a combination of both. Elevated levels of uric acid can occur when there is an increase in cell death, as seen with some cancer therapies or, rarely, as an inherited tendency to overproduce uric acid. Decreased elimination of uric acid is often a result of impaired kidney function due to kidney disease. 

Sample  

Blood (serum), urine 

Reference  

Female, between 6.0 mg/dl and 11.0 mg/dl;male, between 7.0 mg/dl and 13.0 mg/dl 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

This test measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. Urea is produced in the liver when protein is broken into its component parts (amino acids) and metabolized. This process produces ammonia, which is then converted into the less toxic waste product urea. Urea is released by the liver into the bloodstream and is carried to the kidneys, where it is filtered out of the blood and excreted in the urine. Since this is an ongoing process, there is usually a small but stable amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. 

Sample  

Blood (serum), urine 

Reference  

Between 13 mg/dl and 43 mg/dl 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Valproic acid is a drug that is used primarily to control certain seizures by lessening their severity and frequency. It may be prescribed in combination with other antiepileptic drugs such as phenytoin or phenobarbital. The valproic acid level in the blood must be maintained within a narrow therapeutic range. This test measures the level of valproic acid in the blood to determine whether the drug concentration is within the therapeutic range.. Seizure disorders affect the brain’s ability to transmit electrical impulses and to regulate nerve activity. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 50 µg/ml and 100 µg/ml 

Frequency  

Daily 

Description 

Vitamin B12 and folate are both part of the B complex of vitamins. Both B12 and folate are necessary for normal RBC formation, tissue and cellular repair, and DNA synthesis. B12 is important for nerve health, while folate is necessary for cell division such as is seen in a developing fetus. A deficiency in either B12 or folate can lead to macrocytic anemia. The tests Vitamin B12 and folate are primarily ordered to detect deficiencies and to help diagnose the cause of certain anemias. They are also performed to help evaluate the general health and nutritional status of a person with signs of significant malnutrition or dietary malabsorption. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 176 pg/ml and 948 pg/ml 

Frequency  

Twice a week 

Description 

Vitamin D is a family of compounds that is essential for the proper growth and formation of teeth and bones. This test measures the level of vitamin D in the blood to determine if you have a vitamin D deficiency or if you are receiving adequate vitamin D supplementation. Vitamin D comes from two sources: endogenous, which is produced in the skin on exposure to sunlight, and exogenous, which is ingested in foods and supplements. The main role of vitamin D is to help regulate blood levels of calcium, phosphorus, and (to a lesser extent) magnesium. Vitamin D is vital for the growth and health of bone; without it, bones will be soft, malformed, and unable to repair themselves normally, resulting in diseases called rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Vitamin D has also been shown to influence the growth and differentiation of many other tissues and to help regulate the immune system. 

Sample  

Blood (serum) 

Reference  

Between 50 nmol/l and 150nmol/l 

Frequency  

Once a week 

Description 

Chickenpox and shingles are caused by an infection with the varicella zoster virus (VZV), a member of the herpes virus family. Varicella zoster virus tests detect either antibodies produced by the immune system in response to a VZV infection or detect the virus itself. Tests for chickenpox and shingles may be performed to detect and diagnose a current or past infection with VZV. Most often, testing is not necessary to diagnosis an active infection because it can be made from clinical signs and symptoms. Varicella zoster virus can cause chickenpox in the young and in adults who have not been vaccinated or previously exposed. The primary infection is highly contagious, passing from person to person through coughing or sneezing or touching fluid from blisters. Once the initial infection has resolved, the virus becomes latent, persisting in sensory nerve cells. 

Sample  

– – – 

Reference  

– – –  

Frequency 

– – –