5-HIAA (24 hrs)
Description
The 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) urine test is used to help diagnose and monitor carcinoid tumors. 5-HIAA is the primary metabolite of serotonin that is excreted in the urine. 5 -hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) is the primary metabolite of serotonin, a chemical substance (neurotransmitter) that transmits messages between nerve cells. This test measures the amount of 5-HIAA in the urine. Serotonin is produced as needed by the nervous system, mainly the brain, but also special cells in the bronchial tubes (lungs) and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It helps transmit nerve impulses and constrict blood vessels, participates in the wake-sleep cycle, and affects mood. Ordinarily, only small varying amounts of 5-HIAA are present in the urine. Concentrations of 5-HIAA may be significantly increased when a person has a carcinoid tumor that produces serotonin.
Sample
Urine
Reference
Less than 10 mg/24hrs
Frequency
Once a week
ACW
Description
This test is performed to verify if there is an infection with a parasite as the cause. Amoeba belongs to this group and amoebic dysentery is caused by one of them, with excessive diarrhea as a consequence. There are several other types, which are occasionally seen in the feces as cysts. They are usually not considered pathogenic.
Sample
– – –
Reference
– – –
Frequency
– – –
AFP Tumor Markers
Description
This test measures alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the blood. AFP is a protein produced primarily by fetal liver and the portion of a developing embryo that is similar to the yolk cavity in bird eggs (yolk sac tissues). AFP concentrations are typically elevated when a baby is born and then decline rapidly. In healthy children and non-pregnant adults, AFP is normally only detectable at very low levels. Liver damage and certain cancers can increase AFP concentrations significantly. AFP is used as a tumor marker to help detect and diagnose cancers of the liver, testes, and ovaries. Though the test is often ordered to monitor people with chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C because they have an increased lifetime risk of developing liver cancer, most current guidelines do not recommend this use. A doctor may order an AFP test, along with imaging studies, to try to detect liver cancer when it is in its earliest and most treatable stages.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Less than 7.0 ng/ml
Frequency
Twice a week
ALAT (SGPT) (ALT)
Description
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme found mostly in the cells of the liver and kidney. Much smaller amounts of it are also found in the heart and muscles. In healthy individuals, ALT levels in the blood are low. When the liver is damaged, ALT is released into the bloodstream, usually before more obvious signs of liver damage occur. This makes ALT a useful test for detecting liver damage.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Female, less than 34 U/l; male, less than 45 U/l
Frequency
Daily
Albumin
Description
Albumin is a protein made by the liver. It makes up about 60% of the total protein in the blood and plays many roles. It keeps fluid from leaking out of blood vessels; nourishes tissues; and transports hormones, vitamins, drugs, and ions like calcium throughout the body. The concentration of albumin in the blood is a reflection of liver function and of nutritional status. This test measures the level of albumin in the blood. The test is executed to screen for and help diagnose a liver disorder or kidney disease; sometimes to evaluate nutritional status, especially in hospitalized patients.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 3.4 g/dl and 5.1 g/dl
Frequency
Daily
Alcohol/ Ethanol
Description
The ethanol/alcohol test is used for both medical and legal purposes. The goal of medical testing is to identify the presence of alcohol in order to effectively treat the intoxicated person’s symptoms. For medical purposes, blood, and sometimes urine, alcohol tests are used to detect the presence of ethanol and to evaluate its concentration. Often, one or more tests additional tests may be performed, as there are a variety of other conditions that can cause similar symptoms. Additional drug testing and testing for the presence of other more toxic alcohols (such as methanol and isopropyl alcohol) may also be performed if the use of other substances is suspected.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
– – –
Frequency
Daily
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
Description
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in several tissues throughout the body, including liver, bone, kidney, bowel (intestine), and in the placenta of women who are pregnant. The highest concentrations of ALP are present in the cells that comprise bone and the liver. This test measures the level of ALP in the blood; it screens for or monitors treatment for a liver or bone disorder.
Sample
– – –
Reference
Female: less than 98 U/l
Male: less than 171 U/l
Frequency
– – –
Allergy screen
Description
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a class of antibody (immune protein) associated with allergic reactions. It is normally found in very small amounts in the blood. This test measures the amount of allergen-specific IgE in the blood in order to detect an allergy to a particular substance. IgE is an antibody that functions as part of the body’s immune system, its defense against “intruders.” When someone with a predisposition to allergies is exposed to a potential allergen such as food, grass, or animal dander for the first time, that person becomes sensitized. The person’s body perceives the potential allergen as a foreign substance and produces a specific IgE antibody that binds to specialized mast cells in the skin, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal tract, and to basophils (a type of white blood cell) in the bloodstream. With the next exposure, these attached IgE antibodies recognize the allergen and cause the mast and basophil cells to release histamine and other chemicals, resulting in an allergic reaction that begins at the exposure site.
Sample
– – –
Reference
– – –
Frequency
– – –
Amylase
Description
This test is performed primarily to diagnose and monitor acute pancreatitis; also sometimes to diagnose and monitor chronic pancreatitis or other pancreatic diseases. Amylase is one of several enzymes produced by the pancreas to help digest carbohydrates. This test measures the amount of amylase in the blood or urine or sometimes in peritoneal fluid. Amylase is usually present in the blood and urine in small quantities. When cells in the pancreas are injured, as happens with pancreatitis, or when the pancreatic duct is blocked by a gallstone or by a pancreatic tumor in rare cases, increased amounts of amylase are released into the blood.
Sample
Blood (serum); urine
Reference
Less than 107 U/l
Frequency
Daily
Amylase (portion)
Description
Amylase is one of several enzymes produced by the pancreas to help digest carbohydrates. This test measures the amount of amylase in the blood or urine or sometimes in peritoneal fluid. Amylase is secreted through the pancreatic duct into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum), where it helps break down dietary carbohydrates. It is also produced by other organs, particularly the salivary glands. Amylase is usually present in the blood and urine in small quantities. When cells in the pancreas are injured, as happens with pancreatitis, or when the pancreatic duct is blocked by a gallstone or by a pancreatic tumor in rare cases, increased amounts of amylase are released into the blood. This increases concentrations of amylase in the blood and also in the urine as amylase is eliminated from the blood through the urine.
Sample
Urine
Reference
Less than 600 U/l
Frequency
Daily
ANA (screen)
Description
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are a group of antibodies produced by a person’s immune system when it fails to adequately distinguish between “self” and “non–self.” These antibodies, known as autoantibodies, attack the body’s own healthy cells and cause signs and symptoms such as tissue and organ inflammation, joint and muscle pain, and fatigue. ANA specifically target substances found in the nucleus of a cell, hence the name “antinuclear.” The ANA test identifies the presence of these autoantibodies in the blood. The presence of ANA may be a marker of an autoimmune process and is associated with several autoimmune disorders, but is most commonly seen with the autoimmune disorder systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The ANA test is one of the primary tests for helping to diagnose a suspected autoimmune disorder or ruling out other conditions with similar signs and symptoms. As such, it is often followed by other tests for autoantibodies that may help to establish a diagnosis.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Negative
Frequency
Twice a week
Anti-ds DNA
Description
Anti-double stranded DNA antibody (anti-dsDNA) is one of a group of autoantibodies called antinuclear antibodies (ANA). Normally, antibodies protect against infection, but autoantibodies are produced when a person’s immune system fails to adequately distinguish between “self” and “non-self.” They mistakenly attack the body’s own healthy cells, causing tissue and organ damage. Anti-dsDNA specifically targets the genetic material (DNA) found in the nucleus of a cell, hence the name “anti-dsDNA.” The anti-dsDNA test identifies the presence of these autoantibodies in the blood. This test helps diagnose and monitor lupus, a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Less than 20 U/ml
Frequency
Twice week
Anti-CCP (preferred)
Description
Anti-CCP, which stands for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, is a blood test that helps your doctor confirm a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and differentiate it from other types of arthritis. Sometimes it helps evaluate the prognosis of a person with RA. If present in such a patient at a moderate to high level, it not only confirms the diagnosis but also may indicate that the patient is at increased risk for damage to the joints. Low levels of this antibody are less significant.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Negative
Frequency
Twice week
Anti-HAV
Description
This test is used to help diagnose a liver infection due to the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. It is one of several various causes of hepatitis, a condition characterized by inflammation and enlargement of the liver. There are several causes of hepatitis and the accompanying symptoms, so this test may be used to determine if the symptoms are due to hepatitis A. This test detects antibodies in the blood that are produced by the immune system in response to a hepatitis A infection. While hepatitis A can cause a severe, acute disease that typically lasts 1 to 2 months, it does not cause a chronic infection, as do some of the other hepatitis viruses.
Sample
– – –
Reference
– – –
Frequency
– – –
Anti-HBs
Description
Hepatitis B tests detect substances that reflect a current or previous infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Hepatitis is a condition characterized by inflammation and enlargement of the liver. It has several various causes, one of which is infection by a virus. HBV is one of five “hepatitis viruses” identified so far that are known to mainly infect the liver. The other four are hepatitis A, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, and hepatitis E. Some tests detect viral proteins (antigens) or the antibodies that are produced in response to an infection, while other types of tests detect or evaluate the genetic material (DNA) of the virus. The pattern of test results can identify a person who has a current active infection or one who has immunity as a result of previous exposure.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
– – –
Frequency
Twice a week
Anti-HCV
Description
Hepatitis C tests are used to screen for and diagnose a hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, to guide therapy and/or to monitor the treatment of an HCV infection. They detect the presence of antibodies to the virus, indicating exposure to HCV. Hepatitis C is a virus that causes an infection of the liver that is characterized by liver inflammation and damage. Hepatitis C tests are a group of tests that are performed to detect, diagnose, and monitor the treatment of a hepatitis C viral infection. The most common test for HCV looks for antibodies in the blood that are produced in response to an HCV infection.
Sample
– – –
Reference
– – –
Frequency
– – –
Apo B
Description
Apolipoprotein B-100 (also called apolipoprotein B or apo B) is a protein that is involved in the metabolism of lipids and is the main protein constituent of lipoproteins such as very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL, the “bad cholesterol”). This test measures the amount of apo B in the blood. The apolipoprotein B (apo B) test is used, along with other lipid tests, to help determine an individual’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Female: between 52 mg/dl and 129 mg/dl
Male: between 60 mg/dl and 138 mg/dl
Frequency
Twice a week
Apo A1
Description
Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) is a protein that has a specific role in the metabolism of lipids and is the main protein component in high-density lipoprotein (HDL, the “good cholesterol”). This test measures the amount of apo A-I in the blood. Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) may be ordered, along with other lipid tests, as part of a profile to help determine a person’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). It may be used as an alternative to a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) test, but it is not generally considered “better” or more informative than HDL and is not ordered routinely.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Female: between 107 mg/dl and 205 mg/dl
Male: between 107 mg/dl and 177 mg/dl
Frequency
Twice a week
Anti-TPO
Description
The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland that lies flat against the windpipe in the throat. Thyroid antibody (TPO) testing is primarily ordered to help diagnose an autoimmune thyroid disease and to distinguish it from other forms of thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid autoantibodies are antibodies that develop when a person’s immune system mistakenly targets components of the thyroid gland or thyroid proteins, leading to chronic inflammation of the thyroid (thyroiditis), tissue damage, and/or disruption of thyroid function. These tests detect the presence and measure the quantity of specific thyroid autoantibodies.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
– – –
Frequency
Twice a week
Anti-TG
Description
Your thyroid is an endocrine gland located in your neck. It is responsible for releasing hormones that control your metabolism. The thyroid gland produces a number of different proteins, including thyroglobulin. This protein helps produce the hormones released by the thyroid gland. The presence of an autoimmune system disorder can cause disruptions in how this protein is produced. Autoimmune disorders occur when your immune system begins attacking your healthy cells and tissues. When your immune system attacks thyroglobulin, a corresponding antibody is produced. This antibody is known as the antithyroglobulin antibody. The antithyroglobulin antibody test is used to measure whether or not you have this antibody in your bloodstream.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
– – –
Frequency
Twice a week
APTT – Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
Description
The Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time indicates how long it takes for blood to clot. This test is used as part of an investigation of a possible bleeding disorder or thrombotic episode and to monitor unfractionated (standard) heparin anticoagulant (substance used to prevent clot in blood) therapy.
Sample
Blood (plasma)
Reference
25 – 35 seconds
Frequency
Daily
AST (SGOT)
Description
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found in cells throughout the body but mostly in the heart and liver and, to a lesser extent, in the kidneys and muscles. In healthy individuals, levels of AST in the blood are low. When liver or muscle cells are injured, they release AST into the blood. This makes AST a useful test for detecting liver damage.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Female: less than 31 U/l
Male: less than 35 U/l
Frequency
Daily
ASO
Description
Antistreptolysin O (ASO) is an antibody targeted against streptolysin O, a toxic enzyme produced by group A Streptococcus bacteria. ASO and anti-DNase B are the most common of several antibodies that are produced by the body’s immune system in response to a strep infection with group A Streptococcus. This test measures the amount of ASO in the blood. Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) is the bacterium responsible for causing strep throat and a variety of other infections. In most cases, strep infections are identified and treated with antibiotics, and the infections resolve.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Less than 200 IU/ml
Frequency
Twice a week
β-hCG
Description
Quantitative hCG testing, often called beta hCG, measures the amount of hCG present in the blood. It may be ordered to help diagnose an ectopic pregnancy, to help diagnose and monitor a pregnancy that may be failing, and/or to monitor a woman after a miscarriage. A quantitative hCG test may also be ordered to help diagnose gestational trophoblastic disease or germ cell tumors of the testes or ovary. It may be ordered at regular intervals to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for these conditions and to detect tumor recurrence. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced in the placenta of a pregnant woman. A pregnancy test is a specific blood or urine test that can detect hCG and confirm pregnancy. This hormone can be detected 10 days after a missed menstrual period, the time period when the fertilized egg is implanted in the woman’s uterus. With some methods, hCG can be detected even earlier, at one week after conception. During the early weeks of pregnancy, hCG is important in maintaining function of the corpus luteum. Production of hCG increases steadily during the first trimester (8–10 weeks) of a normal pregnancy, peaking around the 10th week after the last menstrual cycle. Levels then fall slowly during the remainder of the pregnancy. hCG is no longer detectable within a few weeks after delivery.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
– – –
Frequency
Daily
Bence Jones (24hrs)
Description
The Bence Jones protein (BJP) test measures the level of BJP in your urine. These proteins are not present in healthy urine samples. Usually they are a sign of multiple myeloma. Your bone marrow is found in the center of your larger bones. It makes red and white blood cells, as well as platelets. Multiple myeloma is a condition where a type of white blood cell is produced in excess. Normally white blood cells make many different types of antibodies. They play an important role in your immune system. However, when you have multiple myeloma, things change. One white blood cell line grows out of control. It produces only one type of antibody. Worse, these cells crowd out the normal cells. This leaves your body vulnerable to illness. Multiple myeloma is most common in patients over 60 years old. Patients can go without symptoms for many years. Once symptoms do appear, they may at first seem to indicate other conditions. Therefore, tests must be used to diagnose multiple myeloma. One such test is the BJP test.
Sample
Urine
Reference
– – –
Frequency
– – –
Bicarbonate
Description
This test is executed as part of an electrolyte panel to identify or monitor an electrolyte imbalance or acid-base (pH) imbalance. The total CO2 test measures the total amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, which occurs mostly in the form of bicarbonate (HCO3-). Bicarbonate is a negatively charged ion that is excreted and reabsorbed by the kidneys. It is used by the body to help maintain the body’s acid-base balance (pH) and secondarily to work with sodium, potassium, and chloride to maintain electrical neutrality at the cellular level.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 22.0 mmol/l and 29.0 mmol/l
Frequency
Daily
Bilirubin – Neonatal
Description
Neonatal jaundice or Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, or Neonatal icterus is a yellowing of the skin and other tissues of a newborn infant. It is not uncommon to see high total and unconjugated bilirubin levels in newborns. This is sometimes called physiologic jaundice of the newborn and is due to immaturity of the newborn’s liver. This situation usually resolves itself within a few days.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
– – –
Frequency
Daily
Bilirubin - Total
Description
Bilirubin is an orange-yellow pigment, a waste product primarily produced by the normal breakdown of heme, a substance found mainly in the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells (RBCs). It is ultimately processed by the liver to allow its elimination from the body. This test measures the amount of bilirubin in the blood in order to evaluate liver function or to help diagnose anemia caused by the increased destruction of RBCs.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Less than 1.2 mg/dl
Frequency
Daily
Blood type or blood group
Description
This test provides a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
A, B, AB, O rhesus-positive or rhesus-negative
Frequency
Daily
Bleeding time
Description
Bleeding time is a test used to determine how quickly your blood clots to stop you from bleeding. This test helps diagnose bleeding issues. The test is a basic assessment of how well your blood platelets work to form clots. Platelets are tiny cell fragments that circulate in your blood. They are the first cells to react to a blood vessel injury. They seal off the wound to prevent more blood from escaping.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Less than 5 minutes
Frequency
Daily
C3
Description
Complement C3 is a blood test that measures the activity of a certain protein that is part of the complement system. The complement system is a group of proteins that move freely through your bloodstream. The proteins work with your immune system and play a role in the development of inflammation. A complement test may be used to monitor patients with an autoimmune disorder and to see if treatment for their condition is working.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 90 mg/dl and 180 mg/dl
Frequency
Twice a week
C4
Description
Complement C4 is a blood test that measures the activity of a certain protein that is part of the complement system. The complement system is a group of proteins that move freely through your bloodstream. The proteins work with your immune system and play a role in the development of inflammation. A complement test may be used to monitor patients with an autoimmune disorder and to see if treatment for their condition is working.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 15 mg/dl and 45 mg/dl
Frequency
Twice a week
CA 125
Description
CA-125 is primarily used to monitor therapy during treatment for ovarian cancer. CA-125 is also used to detect whether cancer has come back after treatment is complete. A series of CA-125 tests that shows rising or falling concentrations is often more useful than a single result. CA-125 is sometimes used to test and monitor high-risk women who have a family history of ovarian cancer but who do not yet have the disease. The Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125) test measures the amount of CA-125 in the blood. CA-125 is a protein that is present on the surface of most, but not all, ovarian cancer cells. This makes the test useful as a tumor marker in specific circumstances. Significantly elevated concentrations of CA-125 may be present in the blood of a woman who has ovarian cancer. Small quantities of CA-125 are produced by normal tissues throughout the body and by some other cancers. Levels in the blood may be moderately elevated with a variety of non-cancerous conditions, including menstruation, pregnancy, and pelvic inflammatory disease.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Less than 35.0 U/ml
Frequency
Twice a week
CA 15-3
Description
Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) is a protein that is produced by normal breast cells. In many people with cancerous breast tumors, there is an increased production of CA 15-3 and the related cancer antigen 27.29. CA 15-3 does not cause cancer; rather, it is shed by the tumor cells and enters the bloodstream, making it useful as a tumor marker to follow the course of the cancer. CA 15-3 is not sensitive or specific enough to be considered useful as a tool for cancer screening. Its main use is to monitor a person’s response to breast cancer treatment and to help watch for breast cancer recurrence. CA 15-3 is sometimes ordered to give a doctor a general sense of how much cancer may be present (the tumor burden). CA 15-3 can only be used as a marker if the cancer is producing elevated amounts of it, so this test will not be useful for all people with breast cancer.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Less than 30.0 U/ml
Frequency
Twice a week
CA 19-9
Description
If prostate cancer is diagnosed, the total PSA test may be used as a monitoring tool to help determine the effectiveness of treatment. It may also be ordered at regular intervals after treatment to detect recurrence of the cancer. The total PSA test and digital rectal exam (DRE) may be used to screen both asymptomatic and symptomatic men for prostate cancer. If either the PSA or the DRE are found to be abnormal, then the doctor may choose to follow this testing with a prostate biopsy and perhaps imaging tests, such as an ultrasound. If the DRE is normal but the PSA is moderately elevated, the doctor may order a free PSA test to look at the ratio of free to total PSA. This can help to distinguish between prostate cancer and other non-cancer causes of elevated PSA. Since the total PSA test can be elevated temporarily for a variety of reasons, a doctor may order another PSA a few weeks after the first to determine if the PSA is still elevated.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Less than 37.0 U/ml
Frequency
Twice a week
Cholesterol
Description
Cholesterol is different from most tests in that it is not used to diagnose or monitor a disease but is used instead to estimate risk of developing a disease — specifically heart disease. Because high blood cholesterol has been associated with hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis), heart disease, and a raised risk of death from heart attacks, cholesterol testing is considered a routine part of preventive health care. Cholesterol is a substance (a steroid) that is essential for life. It forms the membranes for cells in all organs and tissues in the body. It is used to make hormones that are essential for development, growth, and reproduction. It forms bile acids that are needed to absorb nutrients from food.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Less than 200 mg/dl
Frequency
Daily
Chloride
Description
Chloride is an electrolyte. It is a negatively charged ion that works with other electrolytes, such as potassium, sodium, and bicarbonate, to help regulate the amount of fluid in the body and maintain the acid-base balance. Chloride is present in all body fluids but is found in the highest concentration in the blood and in the fluid outside of the body’s cells. Most of the time, chloride concentrations mirror those of sodium, increasing and decreasing for the same reasons and in direct relationship to sodium. When there is an acid-base imbalance, however, blood chloride levels can change independently of sodium levels as chloride acts as a buffer. It helps to maintain electrical neutrality at the cellular level by moving into or out of the cells as needed. This test helps determine if there is a problem with your body’s electrolyte balance or acid-base balance and to monitor treatment.
Sample
Blood (serum); urine
Reference
For blood (serum): between 98 mmol/l and 107 mmol/l
Frequency
Daily
CEA
Description
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a protein that is present in certain tissues of a developing baby (fetus). By the time a baby is born, it drops to a very low level. In adults, CEA is normally present at very low concentrations in blood but may be elevated in certain types of cancer. This test measures the amount of CEA in the blood to help evaluate individuals diagnosed with cancer. This test is primarily performed to monitor cancer treatment, including response to therapy and recurrence; as an indicator of the amount of cancer or size of tumor present (tumor burden) and to assist in determining prognosis and cancer staging; to determine if cancer has spread (metastasis); occasionally as follow up to a positive screening test for cancer, to help determine whether cancer is present in the body, though it is not useful as a general population screening test. CEA is a tumor marker for a wide variety of cancers.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Non-smokers: less than 5.0 ng/ml
Smokers: less than 10.0 ng/ml
Frequency
Twice a week
Calcium
Description
Calcium is the most abundant and one of the most important minerals in the body. It is essential for cell signaling and the proper functioning of muscles, nerves, and the heart. Calcium is needed for blood clotting and is crucial for the formation, density, and maintenance of bones. This test measures the amount of calcium in the blood or urine.
Sample
Blood (serum); urine
Reference
Between 2.15 mmol/l and 2.60 mmol/l
Frequency
Daily
Cholinesterase
Description
Cholinesterases are enzymes that are involved in helping the nervous system to function properly. Cholinesterase tests measure the activity of these enzymes. It helps determine if you have been exposed to and/or poisoned by certain organophosphate chemicals found in pesticides or to monitor cholinesterase levels if you work with pesticides. Sometimes it helps identify individuals with inherited pseudocholinesterase deficiency before they are given anesthesia with the muscle relaxant succinylcholine or determine the cause of prolonged apnea after surgical anesthesia.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 4100 U/l and 9900 U/l
Frequency
Daily
CK
Description
This test measures the amount of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood. Creatine kinase is an enzyme found in the heart, brain, skeletal muscle, and other tissues. The small amount of CK that is normally in the blood comes primarily from skeletal muscles. Increased amounts of CK are released into the blood when there is muscle damage.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Female: less than 145 U/l
Male: less than 171 U/l
Frequency
Daily
CMV IgG/IgM
Description
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus that occurs widely throughout the population but rarely causes symptoms. CMV is found in many body fluids during an active infection, including saliva, urine, blood, breast milk, semen, vaginal secretions, and cerebrospinal fluid. It is easily transmitted to others through close physical contact or by contact with infected objects, such as diapers or toys. After the initial “primary” infection has resolved, CMV becomes dormant or latent – like other members of the herpes family. Cytomegalovirus remains in a person for the rest of his life without causing any symptoms, unless the person’s immune system is significantly weakened. If this happens, the virus can reactivate. CMV testing involves either a measurement of CMV antibodies, immune proteins created in response to CMV exposure, or by the detection of the virus itself. The virus can be identified during an active infection by culturing CMV or by detecting the virus’s genetic material (its DNA) in a fluid or tissue sample.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
For IgG less than 0.4 IU/ml; for IgM less than 15 AU/ml
Frequency
Twice a week
Cocaine screen
Description
A cocaine screen is a test done to find out whether you have used cocaine recently. The test can be done on your urine, saliva, blood, hair, or sweat. It looks for the presence of cocaine or one of its metabolites, or chemicals your body makes to process cocaine. The two most important metabolites of cocaine are benzoylecgonine (ben-zoyl-ECK-oh-neen) and ecgonine methyl ester (ECK-oh-neen METH-ill ES-ter). The results of this test arrive in minutes. Because lab tests are more sensitive and reliable, positive results should always be sent to a lab for confirmation.
Sample
Urine
Reference
Negative
Frequency
Daily
Complete blood count
Description
This test is performed to determine your general health status; to screen for, diagnose, or monitor any one of a variety of diseases and conditions that affect blood cells, such as anemia, infection, inflammation, bleeding disorders or cancer.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Not applicable
Frequency
Daily
Coombs direct
Description
The Direct Coombs test is used to test for autoimmune hemolytic anemia; i.e., a condition of a low count of red blood cells (RBCs) caused by immune system lysis or breaking of RBC membranes causing RBC destruction. In certain diseases or conditions an individual’s blood may contain IgG antibodies that can specifically bind to antigens on the RBC surface membrane, and their circulating RBCs can become coated with antibodies. Complement proteins may subsequently bind to the bound antibodies and cause RBC destruction. The direct Coombs test is used to detect these antibodies or complement proteins that are bound to the surface of red blood cells.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Negative
Frequency
Daily
Coombs indirect
Description
The indirect Coombs test is used in prenatal testing of pregnant women, and in testing blood prior to a blood transfusion. It detects antibodies against RBCs that are present unbound in the patient’s serum. In this case, serum is extracted from the blood sample taken from the patient. Then, the serum is incubated with RBCs of known antigenicity; that is, RBCs with known reference values from other patient blood samples. If agglutination occurs, the indirect Coombs test is positive.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Negative
Frequency
Daily
Cortisol
Description
A cortisol test may be performed to screen for and help diagnose Cushing syndrome (a group of signs and symptoms associated with excess cortisol) and to help diagnose adrenal insufficiency and Addison disease (conditions in which the adrenal glands do not function properly). Cortisol is a hormone plays a role in the metabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. It affects blood glucose levels, helps maintain blood pressure, and helps regulate the immune system. Most cortisol in the blood is bound to a protein; only a small percentage is “free” and biologically active. Free cortisol is excreted into the urine and is present in the saliva. This test measures the amount of cortisol in the blood, urine, or saliva. The level of cortisol in the blood normally rises and falls in a “diurnal variation” pattern. It peaks early in the morning, then declines throughout the day, reaching its lowest level about midnight. This pattern can change when a person works irregular shifts (such as the night shift) and sleeps at different times of the day, and it can become disrupted when a disease or condition either limits or stimulates cortisol production.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 5 µg/dl en 25 µg/dl
Frequency
Twice a week
Creatinine
Description
This test measures the amount of creatinine in the blood and/or urine. Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscles from the breakdown of a compound called creatine. Creatine is part of the cycle that produces energy needed to contract muscles. Both creatine and creatinine are produced by the body at a relatively constant rate. Almost all creatinine is excreted by the kidneys, so blood levels are usually a good indicator of how well the kidneys are working. The test is performed to determine if your kidneys are functioning normally and to monitor treatment for kidney disease.
Sample
Blood (serum), urine
Reference
Female, between 6.0 mg/dl and 11.0 mg/dl; male, between 7.0 mg/dl and 13.0 mg/dl
Frequency
Daily
Creatinine clearance
Description
A creatinine clearance test is used to help evaluate the rate and efficiency of kidney filtration. It is used to help detect and diagnose kidney dysfunction and/or the presence of decreased blood flow to the kidneys. This test measures creatinine levels in both a sample of blood and a sample of urine from a 24-hour urine collection. The results are used to calculate the amount of creatinine that has been cleared from the blood and passed into the urine. This calculation allows for a general evaluation of the amount of blood that is being filtered by the kidneys in a 24-hour time period. Creatinine is a waste product produced in the muscles from the breakdown of a compound called creatine. Creatine is part of the cycle that produces energy needed to contract muscles. The amount of creatinine produced in the body is dependent on muscle mass and is relatively constant for an individual.
Sample
Urine
Reference
– – –
Frequency
Daily
C-reactive protein (CRP)
Description
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant, a protein made by the liver and released into the bloodstream within a few hours after tissue injury, the start of an infection, or other cause of inflammation. Markedly increased levels are observed, for example, after trauma, heart attack, with autoimmune disorders, and with serious bacterial infections like sepsis. The level of CRP can jump a thousand-fold in response to an inflammatory condition, and its rise in the blood can precede pain, fever, or other clinical indicators. The test measures the amount of CRP in the blood and can be valuable in detecting inflammation due to acute conditions or in monitoring disease activity in chronic conditions.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Less than 1.00 mg/dl
Frequency
Daily
D-Dimer
Description
This test measures the quantity of D-dimer in the blood. D-dimer is a small protein fragment present in the blood after a blood clot is degraded by fibrinolysis, a process that prevents blood clots from growing and becoming problematic. The test helps rule out clotting (thrombotic) episodes and to help diagnose conditions related to thrombosis.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Less than 0.3 mg/l
Frequency
Daily
Digoxin
Description
Digoxin is a drug used to treat heart failure and abnormal heart rhythms. Heart failure, including congestive heart failure (CHF), causes the heart to become less effective at circulating blood. As a result, blood backs up into the legs, hands, feet, lungs and liver, causing swelling, shortness of breath, and fatigue. This test measures the amount of digoxin in the blood. Digoxin is prescribed to alleviate some symptoms of heart failure. It strengthens the contractions of the heart and helps it to pump blood more efficiently. Digoxin also helps control the heart rate and abnormal heart rhythms known as arrhythmias. It will not cure heart failure or arrhythmias, which are chronic conditions, but can help to manage the symptoms along with diet, exercise, and other medications. Digoxin levels must be monitored because the drug has a narrow safety range. If the level in the blood is too low, symptoms may recur. If the level is too high, toxicity may occur. Digoxin dosage may be adjusted based on levels measured.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 0.8 µg/ml and 2.0 µg/ml
Frequency
Daily
Dilantyn/ Phenytoin
Description
Phenytoin is a drug that is used to treat some seizure disorders (see Epilepsy), including complex partial seizures (psychomotor seizures) and seizures that occur during or after neurosurgery. Phenytoin may be used alone or with phenobarbital or other anticonvulsants. This test measures the amount of phenytoin in the blood to determine whether drug concentrations are in the therapeutic range. Seizure disorders affect the brain’s ability to transmit electrical impulses and to regulate nerve activity. During a seizure, someone may experience changes in consciousness, alterations in sight, smell, and taste, and may experience uncontrolled muscular convulsions in one or more parts of the body. Phenytoin works by reducing the electrical conductance among brain cells, blocking excessive electrochemical activity occurring in the brain during a seizure. Anyone can experience a seizure at any age.
Sample
Blood (serum); urine
Reference
– – –
Frequency
Daily
EBV IgG/IgM
Description
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a virus that typically causes a mild to moderate illness. These tests detect antibodies to EBV in the blood and help establish a diagnosis of an EBV infection. Epstein-Barr virus causes an infection that is very common. After initial exposure to EBV, there is a period of several weeks before associated symptoms may appear called the incubation period. During the acute primary infection, the virus multiplies in number. This is followed by a decrease in viral numbers and resolution of symptoms, but the virus never completely goes away. Latent EBV remains in the person’s body for the rest of his life and may reactivate but usually causes few problems unless the person’s immune system is significantly weakened.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Negative
Frequency
Once a week
ENA panel (screening)
Description
An extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) panel detects the presence of one or more autoantibodies in the blood that react with proteins in the cell nucleus. These proteins are known as “extractable” because they can be removed from cell nuclei using saline. Autoantibodies are produced when a person’s immune system mistakenly targets and attacks the body’s own tissues. This attack can cause inflammation, tissue damage, and other signs and symptoms that are associated with an autoimmune disorder. Certain autoimmune disorders are characteristically associated with the presence of one or more anti-ENA antibodies. This association can be used to help diagnose an autoimmune disorder and to distinguish between disorders.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Negative
Frequency
Twice a week
Eosinophils
Description
Leukocyte (white blood cell) with granules that are stained by the dye, eosin. Eosinophils, normally about 1-3% of the total white blood cell count, are believed to function in allergic responses and in resisting some infections.
Sample
Blood
Reference
Between 40 and 400 per µl
Frequency
Daily
ESR
Description
ESR measures how fast the red blood cells descend in a blood tube. Perform this test to detect the presence of inflammation caused by one or more conditions such as infections, tumors or autoimmune diseases.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Female, less than 20 mm/hr; male, less than 12 mm/hr
Frequency
Daily
Estradiol
Description
Estrogen tests are used to detect a deficiency or excess in a woman and to help diagnose a variety of conditions associated with this imbalance. They may also be used to help determine the timing of a woman’s ovulation and may be ordered to monitor the health status of the developing baby and placenta during pregnancy. In a man, estrogen testing may be performed to detect a hormone excess and its cause. Estrogens are a group of steroids that are responsible for the development and function of reproductive organs and the formation of secondary sex characteristics in women. Along with another hormone, progesterone, they help regulate the menstrual cycle, are involved in the growth of breasts and the uterus, and help maintain a healthy pregnancy. Though considered the main sex hormones for women, they are also found in men and play a role in bone metabolism and growth in both sexes.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Female in Foll. Phase: between 5 pg/ml and 160 pg/ml
Female in Mid. Cycle: between 34 pg/ml and 400 pg/ml
Female in Lut. Phase: between 27 pg/ml and 246 pg/ml
Female in Menopause:, between 5 pg/ml and 30 pg/ml
Male: between 5 pg/ml and 56 pg/ml
Frequency
Twice a week
Ferritin
Description
Ferritin is an iron-containing protein and is the primary form of iron stored inside of cells. The small quantity of ferritin that is released into the blood is a reflection of the amount of total iron stored in the body. This test measures the amount of ferritin in the blood. In healthy people, about 70% of the iron absorbed by the body is incorporated into the hemoglobin of red blood cells. Most of the remaining 30% is stored as ferritin or as hemosiderin, a complex of iron, proteins, and other materials. Ferritin and hemosiderin are present primarily in the liver but also in the bone marrow, spleen, and skeletal muscles.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Female, between 9 ng/ml and 120 ng/ml; male, between 18 ng/ml and 370 ng/ml
Frequency
Twice a week
Fibrinogen
Description
Used as part of an investigation of a possible bleeding disorder or blood clot (thrombotic episode), particularly to evaluate the level and function of fibrinogen; sometimes used to help evaluate your risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
Sample
Blood (plasma)
Reference
Between 230 mg/dl and 500 mg/dl
Frequency
Daily
Folate
Description
This test is primarily ordered to detect deficiencies and to help diagnose the cause of certain anemias. Vitamin B12 and folate are both part of the B complex of vitamins. Both B12 and folate are necessary for normal RBC formation, tissue and cellular repair, and DNA synthesis. B12 is important for nerve health, while folate is necessary for cell division such as is seen in a developing fetus. A deficiency in either B12 or folate can lead to macrocytic anemia. The tests Vitamin B12 and folate are primarily ordered to detect deficiencies and to help diagnose the cause of certain anemias. They are also performed to help evaluate the general health and nutritional status of a person with signs of significant malnutrition or dietary malabsorption.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 3.0 ng/ml and 17.0 ng/ml
Frequency
Twice a week
Free PSA (Vrije PSA)
Description
If prostate cancer is diagnosed, the total PSA test may be used as a monitoring tool to help determine the effectiveness of treatment. It may also be ordered at regular intervals after treatment to detect recurrence of the cancer. The total PSA test and digital rectal exam (DRE) may be used to screen both asymptomatic and symptomatic men for prostate cancer. If either the PSA or the DRE are found to be abnormal, then the doctor may choose to follow this testing with a prostate biopsy and perhaps imaging tests, such as an ultrasound. If the DRE is normal but the PSA is moderately elevated, the doctor may order a free PSA test to look at the ratio of free to total PSA. This can help to distinguish between prostate cancer and other non-cancer causes of elevated PSA. Since the total PSA test can be elevated temporarily for a variety of reasons, a doctor may order another PSA a few weeks after the first to determine if the PSA is still elevated.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
– – –
Frequency
Daily
Free T4
Description
This test measures the amount of thyroxine, or T4, in the blood. T4 is one of two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland; the other is called triiodothyronine, or T3. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located just below the Adam’s apple. This gland plays a vital role in controlling metabolism, the rate energy is used. The most common causes of thyroid dysfunction are autoimmune-related. The free T4 test is a relatively new test that is not affected by protein levels. Since free T4 is the active form of thyroxine, the free T4 test is thought by many to be a more accurate reflection of thyroid hormone function and, in most cases, its use has replaced that of the total T4 test. Whichever thyroxine measurement is performed (T3 or T4), it is usually performed along with or following a TSH test.
Sample
Blood
Reference
Between 0.7 ng/dl and 1.8 ng/dl
Frequency
Daily
FSH
Description
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone associated with reproduction and the development of eggs in women and sperm in men. This test measures FSH in the blood or urine. In women, FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of eggs (follicles) in the ovaries during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. In men, FSH stimulates the testicles to produce mature sperm and also promotes the production of androgen binding proteins. FSH levels are relatively constant in men after puberty. In infants and children, FSH levels rise shortly after birth and then fall to very low levels by 6 months in boys and 1-2 years in girls. Concentrations begin to rise again before the beginning of puberty and the development of secondary sexual characteristics. Disorders affecting the hypothalamus, pituitary, and/or the ovaries or testicles can cause the production of too much or too little FSH, resulting in a variety of conditions such as infertility, abnormal menstrual cycles, or early (precocious) or delayed sexual maturation (puberty).
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Female in Foll. Phase: between 3 mlU/ml and 11 mlU/ml
Female in Mid. Cycl.: between 6 mlU/ml and 21 mlU/ml
Female in Lut. Phase: between 1 mlU/ml and 9 mlU/ml
Female in Menopause: between 22 mlU/ml and 153 mlU/ml
Male, between 1 mlU/ml and 11 mlU/ml
Frequency
Twice a week
Fructosamine
Description
Fructosamine is a compound that is formed when glucose combines with protein. The fructosamine test is a measurement of this glycated protein. When glucose levels in the blood are elevated over a period of time, glucose molecules permanently combine with proteins in the blood in a process called glycation. Affected proteins include albumin, the principal protein in the blood, other serum proteins, and hemoglobin, the major protein found inside red blood cells (RBCs). The more glucose that is present in the blood, the greater the amount of glycated proteins that are formed. These combined molecules persist for the life of the protein or RBC and provide a record of the average amount of glucose that has been present in the blood over that time period.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 1.60 mmol/l and 2.75 mmol/l
Frequency
Daily
G-6-PD (screening)
Description
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is an enzyme involved in energy production. It is found in all cells including red blood cells (RBCs) and helps protect them from certain by-products of cellular metabolism. A deficiency in G6PD causes RBCs to become more vulnerable to breaking apart (hemolysis) when exposed to certain substances. This test measures the amount of G6PD enzyme in RBCs to help diagnose an inherited G6PD deficiency.
Sample
Blood
Reference
Normal
Frequency
Daily
Gamma-GT
Description
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme that is found in many organs, such as the kidney, liver, gallbladder, spleen, and pancreas. Among these, the liver is the main source of GGT in the blood. This test measures the level of GGT in a blood sample. Normally, GGT is present in low levels, but when the liver is injured, the GGT level can rise. The GGT test is performed to evaluate for a possible liver disease or bile duct disease or to differentiate between liver and bone disease as a cause of elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and sometimes to screen for or monitor alcohol abuse.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Female, less than 38 U/l; male, less than 55 U/l
Frequency
Daily
Glucose
Description
This test measures the amount of glucose in the blood or urine. Glucose is the primary energy source for the body’s cells and the only energy source for the brain and nervous system. A steady supply must be available for use, and a relatively constant level of glucose must be maintained in the blood. Blood glucose is often measured as part of a group of tests and is done to screen for diabetes and for pre-diabetes (moderately increased blood glucose levels that indicate an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes).
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
– – –
Frequency
Daily
Glucose (2AB)
Description
This test measures the amount of glucose in the blood or urine. Glucose is the primary energy source for the body’s cells and the only energy source for the brain and nervous system. A steady supply must be available for use, and a relatively constant level of glucose must be maintained in the blood. Blood glucose is often measured as part of a group of tests and is done to screen for diabetes and for pre-diabetes (moderately increased blood glucose levels that indicate an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes). This test is performed two (2) hours after breakfast.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 140 mg/dl and 200 mg/dl
Frequency
Daily
Glucose (2AL)
Description
This test measures the amount of glucose in the blood or urine. Glucose is the primary energy source for the body’s cells and the only energy source for the brain and nervous system. A steady supply must be available for use, and a relatively constant level of glucose must be maintained in the blood. Blood glucose is often measured as part of a group of tests and is done to screen for diabetes and for pre-diabetes (moderately increased blood glucose levels that indicate an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes). This test is performed two (2) hours after lunch.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 140 mg/dl and 200 mg/dl
Frequency
Daily
Glucose (n)
Description
This test measures the amount of glucose in the blood or urine. Glucose is the primary energy source for the body’s cells and the only energy source for the brain and nervous system. A steady supply must be available for use, and a relatively constant level of glucose must be maintained in the blood. Blood glucose is often measured as part of a group of tests and is done to screen for diabetes and for pre-diabetes (moderately increased blood glucose levels that indicate an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes). The client must be sober to perform this test.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 65 mg/dl and 110 mg/dl
Frequency
Daily
HbA 1c (Hemoglobin A1c)
Description
This test is performed to monitor a person’s diabetes and to aid in treatment decisions. The A1c test evaluates the average amount of glucose in the blood over the last 2 to 3 months. It does this by measuring the concentration of glycated (also often called glycosylated) hemoglobin A1c. Hemoglobin is an oxygen-transporting protein found inside red blood cells (RBCs). There are several types of normal hemoglobin, but the predominant form – about 95-98% – is hemoglobin A. As glucose circulates in the blood, some of it spontaneously binds to hemoglobin A. The hemoglobin molecules with attached glucose are called glycated hemoglobin. The higher the concentration of glucose in the blood, the more glycated hemoglobin is formed. Once the glucose binds to the hemoglobin, it remains there for the life of the red blood cell – normally about 120 days. The predominant form of glycated hemoglobin is referred to as HbA1c or A1c.
Sample
Blood
Reference
Between 4.0 % and 6.2 %
Frequency
Daily
HBsAg
Description
Hepatitis B tests detect substances that reflect a current or previous infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Hepatitis is a condition characterized by inflammation and enlargement of the liver. It has several various causes, one of which is infection by a virus. HBV is one of five “hepatitis viruses” identified so far that are known to mainly infect the liver. The other four are hepatitis A, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, and hepatitis E. Some tests detect viral proteins (antigens) or the antibodies that are produced in response to an infection, while other types of tests detect or evaluate the genetic material (DNA) of the virus. The pattern of test results can identify a person who has a current active infection or one who has immunity as a result of previous exposure.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
– – –
Frequency
Twice a week
HDL-Chol
Description
High-density lipoprotein (HDL cholesterol, HDL-C) is one of the classes of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol in the blood. HDL-C consists primarily of protein with a small amount of cholesterol. It is considered to be beneficial because it removes excess cholesterol from tissues and carries it to the liver for disposal. Hence, HDL cholesterol is often termed “good” cholesterol. The test for HDL cholesterol measures the amount of HDL-C in blood.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 35 mg/dl and 70 mg/dl
Frequency
Daily
Helic. P. IgG
Description
These tests are looking for evidence of an infection in the gastrointestinal tract by a bacterium named Helicobacter pylori. This bacterium is known to be a major cause of peptic ulcer disease and is very common, especially in developing countries. It decreases the stomach’s ability to produce mucus, making it prone to acid damage and peptic ulcers. H. pylori is also associated with the development of gastric (stomach) cancer.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
– – –
Frequency
Twice a week
Helicobacter Ag.
Description
This test is performed to determine the presence of Helicobacter pylori in feces. Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that usually appears in the stomach. This bacterium is resistant to gastric acid. This test provides evidence of the existence of the antigen of the bacterium. This test can also be performed at least four weeks after a complete treatment to check the existence of the antigen.
Sample
Feces
Reference
– – –
Frequency
Twice a week
Hemoglobin (Hb profile)
Description
This test is used to evaluate the hemoglobin content of your blood. Hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport protein in the red blood cells. It carries oxygen from the respiratory organs (lungs or gills) to the rest of the body where it releases the oxygen to burn nutrients to provide energy to power the functions of the organism in the process called metabolism.
Sample
Blood
Reference
Female, between 11.0 g/dl and 15.0 g/dl; male, between 12.0 g/dl and 17.0 g/dl
Frequency
Twice a week
HIV 1 & 2 (screening)
Description
This test helps determine if you are infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV is the cause of the syndrome AIDS.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Negative
Frequency
Daily
IgG
Description
Immunoglobulins play a key role in the body’s immune system. They are proteins produced by specific immune cells called plasma cells in response to bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms as well as exposures to other substances that are recognized by the body as “non-self” harmful antigens. This test measures the amount of immunoglobulins G in the blood. About 70-80% of the immunoglobulins in the blood are IgG. Specific IgG antibodies are produced during an initial infection or other antigen exposure, rising a few weeks after it begins, then decreasing and stabilizing. The body retains a catalog of IgG antibodies that can be rapidly reproduced whenever exposed to the same antigen. IgG antibodies form the basis of long-term protection against microorganisms. In those with a normal immune system, sufficient IgG is produced to prevent re-infection.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 700 mg/dl and 1600 mg/dl
Frequency
Twice a week
IgE
Description
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is an antibody that is produced by the body’s immune system in response to a perceived threat. It is one of five classes of immunoglobulins (A, G, M, D, and E) and is normally present in the blood in very small amounts. This test measures the amount of IgE in the blood and may be used to screen for and detect allergic diseases. Immunoglobulin E is associated with allergic responses including asthma and to a lesser degree with immunity to parasites.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Less than 100 IU/ml
Frequency
Twice a week
IgA (Immunoglobulin A)
Description
Immunoglobulins play a key role in the body’s immune system. They are proteins produced by specific immune cells called plasma cells in response to bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms as well as exposures to other substances that are recognized by the body as “non-self” harmful antigens. This test measures the amount of immunoglobulins A in the blood. IgA provides protection against infection in mucosal areas of the body such as the respiratory tract (sinus and lungs) and the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines).
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 70 mg/dl and 200 mg/dl
Frequency
Twice a week
IgM
Description
Immunoglobulins play a key role in the body’s immune system. They are proteins produced by specific immune cells called plasma cells in response to bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms as well as exposures to other substances that are recognized by the body as “non-self” harmful antigens. This test measures the amount of immunoglobulins M in the blood. IgM antibodies are produced as a body’s first response to a new infection or to a new “non-self” antigen, providing short-term protection.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 40 mg/dl and 230 mg/dl
Frequency
Twice a week
Inhaled- and food allergy (inhalatie- en voedselmix)
Description
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a class of antibody (immune protein) associated with allergic reactions. It is normally found in very small amounts in the blood. This test measures the amount of allergen-specific IgE in the blood in order to detect an allergy to a particular substance. IgE is an antibody that functions as part of the body’s immune system, its defense against “intruders.” When someone with a predisposition to allergies is exposed to a potential allergen such as food, grass, or animal dander for the first time, that person becomes sensitized. The person’s body perceives the potential allergen as a foreign substance and produces a specific IgE antibody that binds to specialized mast cells in the skin, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal tract, and to basophils (a type of white blood cell) in the bloodstream. With the next exposure, these attached IgE antibodies recognize the allergen and cause the mast and basophil cells to release histamine and other chemicals, resulting in an allergic reaction that begins at the exposure site. There are specific test to verify the presence of antibodies for inhaled and food allergies.
Sample
– – –
Reference
– – –
Frequency
– – –
Kidney Stone analysis
Description
A kidney stone analysis is performed to determine the chemical composition of a stone when it is filtered out of the urine or removed from the urinary tract. A laboratory will typically document the physical characteristics of a stone – its size, shape, weight, color and texture. This is done in order to help identify the cause of the stone and, where possible, to prevent the formation of more stones. The stone may also be fractured so that its layers can be observed. One or more tests will then be performed to determine the stone’s composition.
Sample
– – –
Reference
– – –
Frequency
– – –
LDH-L
Description
Lactate dehydrogenase (LD or LDH) is an enzyme involved in energy production that is found in almost all of the body’s cells, with the highest levels found in the cells of the heart, liver, muscles, kidneys, lungs, and in blood cells; bacteria also produce LD. This test measures the level of LD in the blood or sometimes other body fluids. This test is performed to help detect a condition causing tissue damage, such as a blood or liver disease, and to monitor its progress; to help stage, determine prognosis, and/or response to treatment of certain cancers; to help evaluate body fluid (other than blood).
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Female, less than 247 U/l; male, less than 248 U/l
Frequency
Daily
LDL-Chol
Description
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL cholesterol, LDL-C) is one type of lipoprotein that carries cholesterol in the blood. LDL-C consists mostly of cholesterol and similar substances with a small amount of protein. LDL cholesterol is considered to be undesirable and is often call “bad” cholesterol because it deposits excess cholesterol in blood vessel walls and contributes to hardening of the arteries and heart disease.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 65 mg/dl and 200 mg/dl
Frequency
Daily
LH
Description
This test measures the amount of luteinizing hormone in the blood or urine. Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a hormone associated with reproduction and the stimulation of the release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) in women and testosterone production in men. LH is produced by the pituitary gland, a grape-sized organ found at the base of the brain. Control of LH production is a complex system involving the hypothalamus in the brain, the pituitary gland, and the hormones produced by the ovaries and testicles. This test is performed to evaluate fertility issues, function of reproductive organs (ovaries or testicles), or to detect the release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation); to evaluate pituitary function. In children, to evaluate early or delayed sexual maturation (puberty).
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Female in Foll. Phase: between 1 mlU/ml and 12 mlU/ml
Female in Mid. Cycl.: between 17 mlU/ml and 77 mlU/ml
Female in Lut. Phase: between 1 mlU/ml and 15 mlU/ml
Female in Menopause: between 11 mlU/ml and 40 mlU/ml
Male, between 1 mlU/ml and 8 mlU/ml
Frequency
Twice a week
Lipase
Description
This test is performed primarily to diagnose and monitor acute pancreatitis; also sometimes to diagnose and monitor chronic pancreatitis or other pancreatic diseases. Lipase is one of several enzymes produced by the pancreas to help digest dietary fats. This test measures the amount of lipase in the blood. Lipase is transported through the pancreatic duct and into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum), where it helps break down dietary triglycerides (a form of fat) into fatty acids. The pancreas is the primary source of lipase.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 10 U/l and 60 U/l
Frequency
Daily
Lithium
Description
Lithium is one of the most well established and widely-used drugs prescribed in the treatment of bipolar disorder. This test measures the amount of lithium in the blood so health care providers can determine whether drug concentrations are in the therapeutic range. Bipolar disorder is a mental condition characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania. These periods may be as short as a few days or weeks or as long as months or years. During a depressive episode, those affected may feel sad, hopeless, worthless, and lose interest in daily activities. They may be fatigued but have trouble sleeping, experience weight loss or gain, have difficulty concentrating, and have thoughts of suicide. During a manic episode, those affected may be euphoric, irritable, have high energy and grandiose ideas, use poor judgment, and participate in risky behaviors. Sometimes affected people will have mixed episodes with aspects of both mania and depression. Bipolar disorder can affect both adults and children. Lithium is prescribed to even out the moods of a person with bipolar disorder. It is often called a “mood stabilizer”.
Sample
– – –
Reference
– – –
Frequency
– – –
Lues RPR (scr.) (Syphilis)
Description
This test is used to screen for or diagnose an infection with the bacterium Treponema pallidum, which causes the sexually transmitted disease syphilis. The most common route of transmission is through contact with an infected person’s sore during sexual activity. The bacteria enter your body through minor cuts or abrasions in your skin or mucous membranes. Syphilis is contagious during its primary and secondary stages, and sometimes in the early latent period.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Negative
Frequency
Daily
Luminal/ Phenobarbital
Description
This test measures the level of phenobarbital in the blood to determine whether the drug level is within a therapeutic range.. Phenobarbital is a barbiturate, an antiepileptic drug (AED) and sedating drug that depresses the nervous system. Doctors usually prescribe it to prevent seizures or to relieve anxiety. It is often prescribed to treat epilepsy and other seizure disorders because the drug stabilizes electrical activity in the brain. It is important to maintain a stable level of phenobarbital in the blood within the therapeutic range. If the level is too low, the person who is being treated may experience seizures or anxiety. If the level is too high, the individual could experience side effects or even toxicity.
Sample
– – –
Reference
– – –
Frequency
– – –
Magnesium
Description
Magnesium is a mineral that is vital for energy production, muscle contraction, nerve function, and the maintenance of strong bones. It comes into the body through the diet and is absorbed by the small intestine and colon. Magnesium is stored in the bones, cells, and tissues. Normally, only about 1% of total body magnesium is present in the blood and this makes it difficult to get an accurate measurement of total magnesium content from blood tests alone. However, this test is still useful for evaluating a person’s magnesium status.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 0.60 mmol/l and 1.05 mmol/l
Frequency
Daily
Malaria
Description
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. The parasites are spread by the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitos. When a human is bitten by an infected mosquito, the parasites enter the blood stream and travel to the liver. After a person is infected, there is usually an incubation period of 7-30 days, after which the parasites enter the person’s red blood cells (RBCs). They then multiply inside these cells, which rupture within 48 to 72 hours, causing many of the symptoms of malaria to develop.
Sample
Blood
Reference
Negative
Frequency
Daily
Marihuana (THC)
Description
Cannabis and its active ingredient THC are tested for in most drug tests. After one-off or occasional use its break-down products or metabolites can be detected between 3-5 days after use. (1) However, THC can be detected in a chronic user up to 12 weeks after use (2) although the average is 25(3) -27 days (4). Cannabis is highly detectable a long time after use because THC lingers in the fatty tissues of the body and leaks steadily into the blood and then the urine over weeks. It is difficult to determine exactly how long it will take the THC to leave your body. It depends on your metabolism, how much you ingested and how often you used weed or hash.
Sample
Urine
Reference
Negative
Frequency
Daily
Metanephrines (24hrs.)
Description
This test measures the amounts of metanephrine and normetanephrine that are excreted in the urine over a 24-hour period. Metanephrine and normetanephrine are the inactive metabolites of the catecholamines epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.It is primarily used to help detect and rule out pheochromocytomas in symptomatic people. Catecholamines are a group of similar hormones produced in the medulla (central portion) of the adrenal glands. The adrenal gland is a small, triangular organ located on top of each kidney. Since catecholamines secretion tends to fluctuate over time, a 24-hour urine test for metanephrines or catecholamines may detect excess production that is missed with the blood test.
Sample
Urine
Reference
Between 20 mg/24hrs and 350 mg/24hrs
Frequency
Once a week
Microalbumin
Description
The urine albumin test or albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) is used to screen people with chronic conditions, such as diabetes and hypertension, that put them at an increased risk of developing kidney disease. Albumin is a protein made by the liver. The urine albumin test detects and measures the amount of albumin in the urine. A small amount of albumin in the urine is an early indicator of kidney damage. In the past, these small amounts of albumin were referred to as “microalbumin” and some health practitioners may continue to use the term, although it is being phased out. A urine albumin test is used to screen people with chronic conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure who are at high risk for kidney damage. It can detect small amounts of albumin that escape from the kidneys into the urine several years before significant kidney damage becomes apparent.
Sample
Urine
Reference
Less than 20 mg/l
Frequency
Daily
Mono test
Description
Infectious mononucleosis, commonly called mono, refers to an infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Epstein-Barr virus is very common. The virus is present in the saliva of an infected person and can be spread from person to person through close contact such as kissing and through sharing utensils or cups. The mono test is used to help determine whether a person with symptoms has infectious mononucleosis (mono). It is frequently ordered along with a complete blood count (CBC). The CBC is used to determine whether the number of white blood cells (WBCs) is elevated and whether a significant number of reactive lymphocytes are present. Mono is characterized by the presence of atypical white blood cells.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Less than 1,0x10exp9/l
Frequency
Daily
Nicotine (Cotinine)
Description
Nicotine is an addictive chemical found in the tobacco plant and concentrated in its leaves. It is inhaled with each puff on a cigarette and ingested with chewing tobacco and subsequently absorbed into the blood. This testing detects and/or measures nicotine and its primary breakdown product (metabolite) cotinine in the blood, urine, saliva, or hair to evaluate tobacco use. Nicotine is metabolized by the liver into more than 20 compounds, which are eliminated from the body in the urine. Both tobacco use and exposure to tobacco smoke can increase nicotine and cotinine concentrations in the body. Levels also rise with use of nicotine replacement products such as nicotine patches and gums. In large amounts, nicotine can be poisonous. Cotinine is usually the test of choice to evaluate tobacco use or exposure to tobacco smoke because it is stable and is only produced when nicotine is metabolized.
Sample
Urine
Reference
Negative/Positive
Frequency
Daily
NT-proBNP
Description
These tests measure the concentration of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in the blood in order to detect and evaluate heart failure. BNP was initially called brain natriuretic peptide because it was first found in brain tissue (and to distinguish it from a similar protein made in the atria, or upper chambers, of the heart, termed ANP). BNP is actually produced primarily by the left ventricle of the heart (the heart’s main pumping chamber). It is associated with blood volume and pressure and with the work that the heart must do in pumping blood throughout the body. Small amounts of a precursor protein, pro-BNP, are continuously produced by the heart. Pro-BNP is then cleaved to release the active hormone BNP and an inactive fragment, NT-proBNP, into the blood.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Less than 125 pg/ml
Frequency
Twice a week
Occult Blood (FOBT)
Description
The main use for the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) or the fecal immunochemical test (FIT) is as a screen for early colon cancer. Blood in the stool may be the only symptom of early cancer; thus, If detected early, treatment can begin immediately, improving the chance of a cure. The FOBT is not diagnostic for cancer but, if positive, requires other follow-up procedures to find the source of the bleeding that may indicate other gastrointestinal problems. The fecal occult blood test (FOBT) or fecal immunochemical test (FIT) checks for hidden blood in the stool. Normally, only very small amounts of blood may be lost from the stomach or intestines during digestion. This blood cannot be seen in the feces and does not produce a positive result on a fecal occult blood test. However, polyps, finger-like growths that protrude into the intestinal cavity (lumen) or in the rectum, can be fragile and bleed intermittently, such as when food waste brushes against them. The blood released is not usually visible in the stool but can be detected with a fecal occult blood test. A secondary use of FOBT is to determine the cause of anemia, such as blood loss from a bleeding ulcer.
Sample
Feces
Reference
– – –
Frequency
Daily
Section
I am text block. Click edit button to change this text. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.
Phosphorus/ phosphate
Description
This test is performed to evaluate the level of phosphorus in your blood and to aid in the diagnosis of conditions known to cause abnormally high or low levels of phosphorus. Phosphorus is a mineral that combines with other substances to form organic and inorganic phosphate compounds. The terms phosphorus and phosphate are often used interchangeably when talking about testing, but it is the amount of inorganic phosphate in the blood that is measured with a serum phosphorus/phosphate test. Phosphates are vital for energy production, muscle and nerve function, and bone growth. They also play an important role as a buffer, helping to maintain the body’s acid-base balance.
Sample
Blood (serum), urine
Reference
Between 0.60 mmol/l and 1.60 mmol/l
Frequency
Daily
Potassium
Description
This test measures the amount of potassium in the blood. Potassium is an electrolyte that is vital to cell metabolism and muscle function. Potassium, along with other electrolytes, helps regulate the amount of fluid in the body, stimulates muscle contraction, and maintains a stable acid-base balance. Potassium is present in all body fluids, but most potassium is found within your cells. Only about 2% is present in fluids outside the cells and in the liquid part of the blood (called serum or plasma). Because the blood concentration of potassium is so small, minor changes can have significant consequences. If potassium levels are too low or too high, there can be serious health consequences; a person may be at risk for developing shock, respiratory failure, or heart rhythm disturbances. An abnormal potassium level can alter the function of neuromuscular tissue; for example, the heart muscle may lose its ability to contract.
Sample
Blood (serum), urine
Reference
Between 25 mmol/24hrs and 100 mmol/24hrs
Frequency
Daily
Pregnancy test
Description
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced in the placenta of a pregnant woman. A pregnancy test is a specific blood or urine test that can detect hCG and confirm pregnancy. This hormone can be detected 10 days after a missed menstrual period, the time period when the fertilized egg is implanted in the woman’s uterus. With some methods, hCG can be detected even earlier, at one week after conception. Qualitative hCG testing detects the presence of hCG and is routinely used to confirm pregnancy. A qualitative urine or blood hCG test is ordered as early as 10 days after a missed menstrual period when a woman wishes to confirm whether or not she is pregnant (some methods can detect hCG even earlier, at one week after conception).
Sample
Urine
Reference
Positive/ Negative
Frequency
Daily
Progesterone (Progesteron)
Description
This test is performed to help determine the cause of infertility, track ovulation, help diagnose an ectopic or failing pregnancy, monitor the health of a pregnancy, monitor progesterone replacement therapy, or help diagnose the cause of abnormal uterine bleeding. It measures the level of progesterone in the blood. Progesterone is a steroid hormone whose main role is to help prepare a woman’s body for pregnancy. It works in conjunction with several other female hormones. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone levels drop, and menstrual bleeding begins. If a fertilized egg is implanted in the uterus, the corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone, with the egg forming a trophoblast that produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). After several weeks, the placenta replaces the corpus luteum as the main source of progesterone, producing relatively large amounts of the hormone throughout the rest of a normal pregnancy. Progesterone is also produced in males but at a much lower level. Its function involves the development of sperm.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Female in Foll. Phase: between 20 ng/dl and 150 ng/dl
Female in Lut. Phase: between 170 ng/dl and 2700 ng/dl
Male: between 20 ng/dl and 140 ng/dl
Frequency
Twice a week
Prolactin (Prolactine)
Description
Prolactin is a hormone produced by the anterior portion of the pituitary gland, a grape-sized organ found at the base of the brain. Its primary role is to help initiate and maintain breast milk production in pregnant and nursing women. Normally present in low amounts in men and non-pregnant women, prolactin’s primary role is to promote lactation (breast milk production). This test measures the amount of prolactin in the blood. A common cause of an abnormally elevated prolactin level is a prolactinoma, a tumor of the pituitary gland that causes excess production of prolactin. Prolactinoma is the most common type of pituitary tumor and is usually benign. They develop more frequently in women but are also found in men.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Female: between 4 ng/ml and 37 ng/ml
Male: between 2 ng/ml and 17 ng/ml
Frequency
Twice a week
Protein
Description
– – –
Sample
Urine
Reference
– – –
Frequency
Daily
Protein spectrum
Description
– – –
Sample
– – –
Reference
– – –
Frequency
– – –
Prothrombin Time (PT/INR)
Description
This test is used to check how well blood-thinning medication (anticoagulant) is working to prevent blood clots. It also helps to detect and diagnose a bleeding disorder.
Sample
Blood (plasma)
Reference
Between 10.0 and 13.0 seconds
Frequency
Daily
PSA
Description
If prostate cancer is diagnosed, the total PSA test may be used as a monitoring tool to help determine the effectiveness of treatment. It may also be ordered at regular intervals after treatment to detect recurrence of the cancer. The total PSA test and digital rectal exam (DRE) may be used to screen both asymptomatic and symptomatic men for prostate cancer. If either the PSA or the DRE are found to be abnormal, then the doctor may choose to follow this testing with a prostate biopsy and perhaps imaging tests, such as an ultrasound. If the DRE is normal but the PSA is moderately elevated, the doctor may order a free PSA test to look at the ratio of free to total PSA. This can help to distinguish between prostate cancer and other non-cancer causes of elevated PSA. Since the total PSA test can be elevated temporarily for a variety of reasons, a doctor may order another PSA a few weeks after the first to determine if the PSA is still elevated.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Younger than 50 years old: less than 2.5 ng/ml
Between 50 and 60 years old: less than 3.5 ng/ml
Between 60 and 70 years old: less than 4.5 ng/ml
Older than 70 years old: less than 6.5 ng/ml
Frequency
Daily
PTH
Description
The so-called intact PTH is the most frequently ordered parathyroid hormone test. It is used to help diagnose the cause of a low or high calcium level and to help distinguish between parathyroid-related and non-parathyroid-related causes. It may also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment when an individual has a parathyroid-related condition. PTH is routinely monitored for people with chronic kidney disease or who are on dialysis. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) helps the body maintain stable levels of calcium in the blood. It is part of a feedback loop that includes calcium, PTH, vitamin D, and, to some extent, phosphorus (phosphate) and magnesium. Conditions and diseases that disrupt this feedback loop can cause inappropriate elevations or decreases in calcium and PTH levels and lead to symptoms of hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia. This test measures the amount of PTH in the blood.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 8 pg/ml and 74 pg/ml
Frequency
Daily
Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR titer)
Description
Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) refers to a type of rapid diagnostic test that looks for non-specific antibodies in the blood of the patient that may indicate that the organism (Treponema pallidum) that causes syphilis is present. The term “reagin” means that this test does not look for antibodies against the actual bacterium, but rather for antibodies against substances released by cells when they are damaged by Treponema pallidum. In addition to screening for syphilis, an RPR level (also called a “titer”) can be used to track the progress of the disease over time and its response to therapy.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Negative
Frequency
Once a week
Reticulocyte count
Description
This test helps evaluate the bone marrow’s ability to produce red blood cells (RBCs). It also helps distinguishing between various causes of anemia and helps monitor bone marrow response and the return of normal marrow function following chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant, or other post-treatment follow-up.
Sample
Blood
Reference
Less than 3.0%
Frequency
Daily
Rheumatoid Factor (RF)
Description
This test helps diagnose rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Rheumatoid arthritis is a form of inflammatory arthritis and an autoimmune disease. In rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system – which is designed to protect our health by attacking foreign cells such as viruses and bacteria – attacks the body’s own tissues, specifically the synovium, a thin membrane that lines the joints. As a result of the attack, fluid builds up in the joints, causing pain in the joints and inflammation that’s systemic – meaning it can occur throughout the body. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease, which means that it can’t be cured.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Less than 20 lU/ml
Frequency
Twice a week
Rubella (screening)
Description
Rubella is a virus that causes an infection that is usually mild and characterized by fever and rash that last about 2 to 3 days. The rubella virus generally causes a mild infection marked by a fine red rash that appears on the face and neck and then travels to the trunk and limbs before disappearing a few days later. The virus is passed through nasal and throat secretions. The Infection is highly contagious but is preventable with a vaccine. This test detects and measures rubella antibodies in the blood that are produced by the body’s immune system in response to an infection by the rubella virus.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
– – –
Frequency
Twice a week
Rubella IgM
Description
Please refer to Rubella (scr).
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
– – –
Frequency
Twice a week
Semen analysis
Description
A semen analysis is used to determine whether a man might be infertile—unable to get a woman pregnant. The semen analysis consists of a series of tests that evaluate the quality and quantity of the sperm and the environment they reside in, the semen. The semen analysis also can be used to count sperm after a man has had a vasectomy, a procedure that prevents sperm from being released within the ejaculate and that is considered a permanent method of birth control (99.9%) when performed by an experienced surgeon. A semen analysis measures the quantity and quality of the fluid released during ejaculation. It evaluates both the liquid portion, called semen or seminal fluid, and the microscopic, moving cells called sperm.
Sample
Semen (sperm)
Reference
– – –
Frequency
Once a week
Serum iron (Fe)
Description
Iron is an essential trace element and nutrient that is necessary to maintain life. The serum iron test measures the amount of iron in the liquid portion of blood. Iron is absorbed from food and transported throughout the body by transferrin, a protein produced by the liver. Iron is necessary for the production of healthy red blood cells (RBCs). It is an important part of hemoglobin, the protein in RBCs that enables them to carry oxygen throughout the body. Iron is also used in the production of some proteins, including myoglobin and some enzymes.
Sample
– – –
Reference
Between 35 µg/dl and 140 µg/dl
Frequency
– – –
Sodium
Description
This test measures the level of sodium in the blood. Sodium is an electrolyte that is vital to normal body processes, including nerve and muscle function. Sodium, along with other electrolytes, helps cells function normally and helps regulate the amount of fluid in the body. Sodium is present in all body fluids but is found in the highest concentration in the blood and in the fluid outside of the body’s cells. This extracellular sodium, as well as all body water, is regulated by the kidney.
Sample
Blood (serum), urine
Reference
For urine, between 40 mmol/24hrs and 200 mmol/24hrs
Frequency
Daily
Tape test
Description
– – –
Sample
Feces
Reference
– – –
Frequency
– – –
Tegretol/ Carbamazepine
Description
Carbamazepine is a drug that is primarily used to treat certain seizure disorders (also called epilepsy) but is also prescribed to stabilize the moods of people with bipolar disease, to ease alcohol withdrawal, and to help alleviate some types of nerve pain. It may be prescribed by itself or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs. This test measures the level of carbamazepine in the blood. Carbamazepine levels are monitored because the drug must be maintained within a narrow therapeutic range. If the level is too low, the person may experience a recurrence of symptoms (i.e., seizures, mania, or pain); if the level is too high, the person may experience toxic side effects.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 4 µg/ml and 8 µg/ml
Frequency
Daily
Testosterone
Description
This test is performed to detect an abnormal testosterone level in males and females; in males, to help diagnose the cause of erectile dysfunction, the inability of your partner to get pregnant (infertility), or premature or delayed puberty; in females, to help diagnose the cause of masculine physical features (virilization), infertility, or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Testosterone is a steroid hormone (androgen) produced by special endocrine tissue (the Leydig cells) in the male testicles. It is also produced by the adrenal glands in both males and females and, in small amounts, by the ovaries in females. This test measures the level of testosterone in the blood. In males, testosterone stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics, including enlargement of the penis, growth of body hair, muscle development, and a deepening voice. It is present in large amounts in males during puberty and in adult males to regulate the sex drive and maintain muscle mass. In women, testosterone is converted to estradiol, the main sex hormone in females.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Female: between 14 ng/dl and 86 ng/dl
Male: between 350 ng/dl and 1008 ng/dl
Frequency
Daily
Theophylline
Description
Theophylline and caffeine are methylxanthines – drugs that ease breathing and stimulate respiration. These tests measure the amount of theophylline or caffeine in the blood to help establish an appropriate dose and to maintain a therapeutic level. Theophylline is one of several medications that may be taken by children and adults who have asthma and by adults who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is a bronchodilator with a narrow therapeutic window – too little theophylline is ineffective, too much can cause toxicity. Chronic theophylline toxicity is associated with an increased risk of seizures. Both acute and chronic toxicity can be life-threatening. Theophylline may also be prescribed to treat apnea in premature neonates, but caffeine citrate is the preferred medication. Apnea compromises the amount of oxygen available to the body.
Sample
– – –
Reference
– – –
Frequency
– – –
TIBC (+ Verz. %)
Description
Transferrin is the main protein in the blood that binds to iron and transports it throughout the body. The amount of transferrin that is available to bind to and transport iron is reflected in measurements of the total iron binding capacity (TIBC), unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), or transferrin saturation. This test is performed to assess your body’s ability to transport iron in the blood.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 200 µg/dl and 400 µg/dl & between 20 % and 45 %
Frequency
Twice a week
Total protein
Description
The total protein test measures the total amount of two classes of proteins found in the fluid portion of your blood. These are albumin and globulin. Albumin helps prevent fluid from leaking out of blood vessels. Globulins are an important part of your immune system. Proteins are important parts of all cells and tissues. This test is performed as part of a general health checkup, to determine the nutritional status or to screen for and help diagnose certain liver and kidney disorders as well as other diseases.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 6.4 g/dl and 8.3 g/dl
Frequency
Daily
Toxopl. IgG/IgM
Description
Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. T. gondii is a microscopic parasite that infects cats and can be found in the soil. Testing detects antibodies in the blood that are produced in response to an infection or detects the genetic material (DNA) of the parasite in the blood. Testing is performed in order to detect and diagnose a current or past infection. In most healthy people, toxoplasmosis either causes no symptoms or results in a mild flu-like illness. A person’s immune system keeps the infection dormant and protects the body against further infection, unless the immune system becomes weakened, in which case the infection can re-activate.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
For IgG, less than 3.0 IU/ml; for IgM, less than 1.0 IU/ml
Frequency
Twice a week
Transferrin
Description
This test is performed to assess your body’s ability to transport iron in the blood. Transferrin is the main protein in the blood that binds to iron and transports it throughout the body. The amount of transferrin that is available to bind to and transport iron is reflected in measurements of the total iron binding capacity (TIBC), unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), or transferrin saturation. This test is performed to assess your body’s ability to transport iron in the blood.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Female, between 9 ng/ml and 120 ng/ml; male, between 18 ng/ml and 370 ng/ml
Frequency
Twice a week
Trep. ELISA
Description
Treponemal tests look for antibodies that are a direct result of the infection thus, anti-treponeme IgG, IgM and to a lesser degree IgA. The use of recombinant treponemal antigens in “Treponema pallidum Screen ELISA” results in increased diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for routine diagnostic applications. The Treponema pallidum Screen assay is used for diagnosis of T. pallidum infections in health care institutions and for screening in blood banks. Consequently, all immunoglobulin classes will be detected, making the assay a real “total antibody” detecting system.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Negative
Frequency
Once a week
Triglycerides
Description
Triglycerides are a form of fat and a major source of energy for the body. This test measures the amount of triglycerides in the blood. Most triglycerides are found in fat (adipose) tissue, but some triglycerides circulate in the blood to provide fuel for muscles to work. After a person eats, an increased level of triglycerides is found in the blood as the body converts the energy not needed right away into fat. Triglycerides move via the blood from the gut to adipose tissue for storage. High levels of triglycerides in the blood are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 35 mg/dl and 180 mg/dl
Frequency
Twice a week
Troponin T
Description
The troponins are a family of proteins found in skeletal and heart muscle (cardiac) fibers. There are three different types: troponin C (TnC), troponin T (TnT), and troponin I (TnI). Together, these three proteins regulate muscular contraction. Cardiac-specific troponins I and T (cTnI and cTnT) are troponins that are found only in the heart. They are normally present in very small to undetectable quantities in the blood. When there is damage to heart muscle cells, cardiac-specific troponins I and T are released into circulation. The more damage there is, the greater their concentration in the blood. The troponin test measures the amount of cardiac-specific troponin I or T in the blood and is used to help determine if an individual has suffered a heart attack.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Less than 0.030 µg/l
Frequency
Daily
TSH
Description
The TSH test is often the test of choice for evaluating thyroid function and/or symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. It is frequently ordered along with or preceding a T4 test. The TSH test is often the test of choice for evaluating thyroid function and/or symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. It is frequently ordered along with or preceding a T4 test.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 0.3 µlU/ml and 4.5 µlU/ml
Frequency
Daily
Urine Oxalate, Kidney Stone Risk Panel
Description
This is a urine test to see whether you have a high level of the chemical oxalate in your urine. Oxalate is a natural end product of metabolism in the body and should be expelled through your urine. If your oxalate levels are too high, the excess oxalate can combine with calcium to form kidney stones. These stones are hard masses of chemicals that can get stuck in the urinary tract and commonly cause severe pain. Calcium-oxalate kidney stones are the most common type. Increased levels of oxalate may be a result of eating foods high in oxalate, or absorbing or making too much oxalate.
Sample
Urine
Reference
Less than 40 mg/24hrs
Frequency
Daily
Urinalysis
Description
A urinalysis is a group of chemical and microscopic tests used as a screening and/or diagnostic tool. They detect the byproducts of normal and abnormal metabolism, cells, cellular fragments, and bacteria in urine. Urine is produced by the kidneys, two fist-sized organs located on either side of the spine at the bottom of the ribcage. The kidneys filter wastes out of the blood, help regulate the amount of water in the body, and conserve proteins, electrolytes, and other compounds that the body can reuse. Anything that is not needed is excreted in the urine, traveling from the kidneys through ureters to the bladder and then through the urethra and out of the body. Urine is generally yellow and relatively clear, but each time someone urinates, the color, quantity, concentration, and content of the urine will be slightly different because of varying constituents. Many disorders can be diagnosed in their early stages by detecting abnormalities in the urine. Abnormalities include increased concentrations of constituents that are not usually found in significant quantities in the urine, such as: glucose, protein, bilirubin, red blood cells, white blood cells, crystals, and bacteria.
Sample
Urine
Reference
N/A
Frequency
Daily
Uric acid
Description
Uric acid is produced by the breakdown of purines. Purines are nitrogen-containing compounds found in the cells of the body, including our DNA. As cells get old and die, they break down, releasing purines into the blood. To a lesser extent, purines may come from the digestion of certain foods, such as liver, anchovies, mackerel, dried beans and peas and certain alcoholic drinks, primarily beer. Most uric acid is removed from the body by the kidneys and is excreted in the urine, with the remainder eliminated in the stool. This test measures the level of uric acid in the blood or urine. If too much uric acid is produced or not enough is excreted, it can accumulate in the body, causing increased levels in the blood (hyperuricemia). The presence of excess uric acid can cause gout, a condition characterized by inflammation of the joints due to the formation of uric acid crystals in the joint (synovial) fluid. Excess uric acid can also be deposited in tissues such as the kidney, leading to kidney stones or kidney failure. The accumulation of too much uric acid is due to either increased production, decreased elimination, or a combination of both. Elevated levels of uric acid can occur when there is an increase in cell death, as seen with some cancer therapies or, rarely, as an inherited tendency to overproduce uric acid. Decreased elimination of uric acid is often a result of impaired kidney function due to kidney disease.
Sample
Blood (serum), urine
Reference
Female, between 6.0 mg/dl and 11.0 mg/dl;male, between 7.0 mg/dl and 13.0 mg/dl
Frequency
Daily
Urea (BUN)
Description
This test measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. Urea is produced in the liver when protein is broken into its component parts (amino acids) and metabolized. This process produces ammonia, which is then converted into the less toxic waste product urea. Urea is released by the liver into the bloodstream and is carried to the kidneys, where it is filtered out of the blood and excreted in the urine. Since this is an ongoing process, there is usually a small but stable amount of urea nitrogen in the blood.
Sample
Blood (serum), urine
Reference
Between 13 mg/dl and 43 mg/dl
Frequency
Daily
Valproic Acid
Description
Valproic acid is a drug that is used primarily to control certain seizures by lessening their severity and frequency. It may be prescribed in combination with other antiepileptic drugs such as phenytoin or phenobarbital. The valproic acid level in the blood must be maintained within a narrow therapeutic range. This test measures the level of valproic acid in the blood to determine whether the drug concentration is within the therapeutic range.. Seizure disorders affect the brain’s ability to transmit electrical impulses and to regulate nerve activity.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 50 µg/ml and 100 µg/ml
Frequency
Daily
Vitamin B12
Description
Vitamin B12 and folate are both part of the B complex of vitamins. Both B12 and folate are necessary for normal RBC formation, tissue and cellular repair, and DNA synthesis. B12 is important for nerve health, while folate is necessary for cell division such as is seen in a developing fetus. A deficiency in either B12 or folate can lead to macrocytic anemia. The tests Vitamin B12 and folate are primarily ordered to detect deficiencies and to help diagnose the cause of certain anemias. They are also performed to help evaluate the general health and nutritional status of a person with signs of significant malnutrition or dietary malabsorption.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 176 pg/ml and 948 pg/ml
Frequency
Twice a week
Vitamin D
Description
Vitamin D is a family of compounds that is essential for the proper growth and formation of teeth and bones. This test measures the level of vitamin D in the blood to determine if you have a vitamin D deficiency or if you are receiving adequate vitamin D supplementation. Vitamin D comes from two sources: endogenous, which is produced in the skin on exposure to sunlight, and exogenous, which is ingested in foods and supplements. The main role of vitamin D is to help regulate blood levels of calcium, phosphorus, and (to a lesser extent) magnesium. Vitamin D is vital for the growth and health of bone; without it, bones will be soft, malformed, and unable to repair themselves normally, resulting in diseases called rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Vitamin D has also been shown to influence the growth and differentiation of many other tissues and to help regulate the immune system.
Sample
Blood (serum)
Reference
Between 50 nmol/l and 150nmol/l
Frequency
Once a week
VZV IgG/IgM (Chickenpox and Shingles)
Description
Chickenpox and shingles are caused by an infection with the varicella zoster virus (VZV), a member of the herpes virus family. Varicella zoster virus tests detect either antibodies produced by the immune system in response to a VZV infection or detect the virus itself. Tests for chickenpox and shingles may be performed to detect and diagnose a current or past infection with VZV. Most often, testing is not necessary to diagnosis an active infection because it can be made from clinical signs and symptoms. Varicella zoster virus can cause chickenpox in the young and in adults who have not been vaccinated or previously exposed. The primary infection is highly contagious, passing from person to person through coughing or sneezing or touching fluid from blisters. Once the initial infection has resolved, the virus becomes latent, persisting in sensory nerve cells.
Sample
– – –
Reference
– – –
Frequency
– – –